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However, the existing JND models are generally constructed to treat every region of the photograph with an equal focus level, whereas the defocus effect has never been considered. In this paper, the defocus feature, which can portray the aesthetic emphasis in the photograph, is provided to improve the perceptual JND model. Firstly, two indicators which consider the block energy in the defocus measurement (DM) are proposed. Then, the defocus feature map (DFM) is obtained by integrating the influence of the circumambient blocks, and it is applied to the proposed JND contrast masking (CM) processing. In this way, a new blind photograph watermarking method, with emphasis on defocus-JND estimation combined with the proposed CM, is presented. Simulations show that the proposed JND is more suitable for watermarking framework than some exiting JND models, and the proposed watermarking scheme with the improved defocus-based JND model has superior robustness compared with some watermarking schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8892349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T16:37:36Z","timestamp":1606840656000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Blind Photograph Watermarking with Robust Defocus-Based JND Model"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0292-8422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4427-2369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-1114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meiling","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou 254300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0936-7904","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1447-0524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-016-2271-2"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.1606"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3249726"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-018-3151-8"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-018-3152-7"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math8040644"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.05.098"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2018.08.012"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.04.041"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ifs.2018.5151"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-017-2488-8"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6444-0"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383582"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.04.015"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.01.023"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2018.2877127"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-011-9331-8"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-1932-3"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00034-019-01299-4"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.e93.d.843"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2853-5"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3837\/tiis.2019.02.032"},{"issue":"8","key":"23","first-page":"181","article-title":"Surprise based JND estimation for images","volume":"14","author":"H. 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