{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T20:52:41Z","timestamp":1759092761794,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602460800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005710","name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["015LC0-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["015LC0-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The oil palm trees in Southeast Asia face a great challenge due to voids within tree trunks. Besides, both plantations and the palm oil industry suffered considerable losses due to ineffective inspection of defective trees. Several techniques such as ultrasound, X-ray, capacitive volume, gamma computed tomography, and microwave tomography were applied to detect and control the decay of a trunk. However, all the techniques showed substantial drawbacks (such as limited resolution, tedious processing time, and use of bulky equipment with limited mobility) except for microwave tomography which overtook the other techniques by using a method that distinguishes the dielectric properties of healthy and diseased trunks. This work proposes ultra-wide-band (UWB) signal transmission and reception using antenna sensor arrays that record reflections from affected regions in the trunk. Various factors have been considered, such as different cylindrical arrays of 4, 8, 12, and 16 antennas; different positions of hollows; a heterogeneous trunk; multiple targets; and larger trunk samples (16\u201330\u2009cm). To validate the system\u2019s capabilities, two cylindrical wood samples with different diameters of 100\u2009mm and 140\u2009mm and with one hollow and three hollows within are 3D-printed, investigated, and then measured. The authors recommended a robust time-reversal algorithm (RTR) to reconstruct 2D images that successfully identified and localized cavities with the smallest diameter of 3.5\u2009mm. Furthermore, reconstructed images of measured data verified a practical and reliable oil palm trunk imaging and sensing system with a high structural similarity index and resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8895737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T12:57:29Z","timestamp":1602593849000},"page":"1-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Microwave Imaging of Voids in Oil Palm Trunk Applying UWB Antenna and Robust Time-Reversal Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-3364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tale","family":"Saeidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6923-7530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Idris","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6092-3841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarmad Nozad","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 33400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7114-4982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sameer","family":"Alani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Computing Technology (C-ACT), Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4740-0872","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam R. H.","family":"Alhawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ppj.2013.169.175"},{"issue":"11","key":"2","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Ecological status of Ganoderma and basal stem rot disease of oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)","volume":"7","author":"L. Naher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Crop Science"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-555"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3063710"},{"issue":"1","key":"5","first-page":"11","article-title":"Significance of the black line within oil palm tissue decayed by Ganoderma boninense","volume":"1","author":"D. Ariffin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Elaeis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6","first-page":"289","article-title":"Histopathological studies on colonization of oil palm root by Ganoderma boninense","volume":"3","author":"D. Ariffin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Elaeis"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7080315"},{"key":"8","article-title":"Chemical relationship on detection of Ganoderma disease on oil palm tree system","volume":"140","author":"S. N. M. Imran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.OA.03.2016.0052"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-08986-6","volume-title":"Non-Destructive Characterization and Imaging of Wood","author":"V. Bucur","year":"2003"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-014-1062-6"},{"volume-title":"Testing of Wooden Construction Elements with Ultrasonic Echo Technique and X-ray","year":"2006","author":"A. Hasenstab","key":"12"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s100301890"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2010.04.001"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.135.567"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21470"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jestch.2017.04.001"},{"key":"18","first-page":"262","article-title":"On the percentage quantization of the moisture content in the Iraqi petroleum productions using microwave sensing","volume":"28","author":"T. A. Elwi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Al-Ma'mon College Journal, issue"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/36.368205"},{"issue":"6","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.7763\/JOCET.2015.V3.235","article-title":"Dielectric properties of oil palm trunk core","volume":"3","author":"S. Wun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clean Energy Technologies"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEIDP.2007.4451496"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"ZakariaZ.Dielectric properties of oil palm mesocarp at various stages of maturity1998Masters thesis, University Putra Malaysia"},{"first-page":"5","article-title":"Analysis of microwave signal attenuation through oil palm trees","author":"Z. I. Rizman","key":"23"},{"issue":"3","key":"24","first-page":"388","article-title":"Microwave signal propagation on oil palm trees: measurements and analysis","volume":"4","author":"B. Barat","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5094459"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.01.026"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5081762"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3326172.3326227"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2804905"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17480272.2014.898696"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104901"},{"article-title":"Experimental analysis on effectiveness of confocal algorithm for radar based breast cancer detection","year":"2012","author":"Z. A. Sattar","key":"32"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.29470"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/7260.915627"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/22.130978"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2003976"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10041234"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9245383"},{"key":"39","volume-title":"Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method","author":"A. Taflove","year":"2000","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061678"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/781095"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/58.542055"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/58.156174"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2005.854563"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2017.09.008"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2005.850444"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2585488"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.29401"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2627011"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8498-1_21"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/URSIGASS.2014.6930129"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2006.872670"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2008.919716"},{"key":"54"},{"key":"55","article-title":"Structural similarity based image quality assessment","volume-title":"Chapter 7 in Digital Video Quality and Perceptual Coding","author":"Z. Wang","year":"2005"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4799331","article-title":"Device for ultrasound imaging of standing trees","volume-title":"Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics ICA2013 2013 Jun 2 (Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 045035)","author":"A. Arciniegas","year":"2013"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.778.312"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2019.106060"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2019.2902555"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/74.262629"},{"key":"61"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.1850020105"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ELINFOCOM.2014.6914442"},{"volume-title":"About equivalency of two methods of information gathering in microwave imaging","year":"2012","author":"N. A. Simonov","key":"64"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2020\/8895737.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2020\/8895737.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2020\/8895737.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T12:57:47Z","timestamp":1602593867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2020\/8895737\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Everardo","family":"Vargas-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["8895737","8895737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8895737","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-7268","1687-725X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-7268"},{"type":"print","value":"1687-725X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]]}}}