{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:24:09Z","timestamp":1785363849891,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600646400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005601","name":"University of Ghana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Water quality monitoring (WQM) systems seek to ensure high data precision, data accuracy, timely reporting, easy accessibility of data, and completeness. The conventional monitoring systems are inadequate when used to detect contaminants\/pollutants in real time and cannot meet the stringent requirements of high precision for WQM systems. In this work, we employed the different types of wireless sensor nodes to monitor the water quality in real time. Our approach used an energy-efficient data transmission schedule and harvested energy using solar panels to prolong the node lifetime. The study took place at the Weija intake in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The Weija dam intake serves as a significant water source to the Weija treatment plant which supplies treated water to the people of Greater Accra and parts of Central regions of Ghana. Smart water sensors and smart water ion sensor devices from Libelium were deployed at the intake to measure physical and chemical parameters. The sensed data obtained at the central repository revealed a pH value of 7. Conductivity levels rose from 196\u2009S\/cm to 225\u2009S\/cm. Calcium levels rose to about 3.5\u2009mg\/L and dropped to about 0.16\u2009mg\/L. The temperature of the river was mainly around 35\u00b0C to 36\u00b0C. We observed fluoride levels between 1.24\u2009mg\/L and 1.9\u2009mg\/L. The oxygen content rose from the negative DO to reach 8\u2009mg\/L. These results showed a significant effect on plant and aquatic life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8897126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T23:31:02Z","timestamp":1600731062000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Smart River Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0677-6523","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kofi Sarpong","family":"Adu-Manu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Valley View University, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand Apietu","family":"Katsriku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal-Deen","family":"Abdulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Engmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40068-017-0089-2"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6914-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"3","first-page":"4","volume":"13","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)"},{"key":"4","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Framework for time relevant water monitoring system","year":"2015"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhls.83508"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.02.069"},{"issue":"10","key":"9","first-page":"24","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering & Technology"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.10.004"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s150409481"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s140916932"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.01.072"},{"key":"16","first-page":"399","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Electronic Communications Engineering Advanced Research"},{"key":"17","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Real-time air pollution monitoring systems using wireless sensor networks connected in a cloud-computing, wrapped up web services","year":"2018"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19050985"},{"issue":"12","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124004","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/12\/124004","volume":"21","year":"2010","journal-title":"Measurement Science and Technology"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8155-2"},{"key":"25","first-page":"58","volume-title":"In WaterSense: an intelligent wireless sensor network for monitoring surface water quality to a river in kosovo","year":"2018"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2017.12.018","volume":"144","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"27","first-page":"10","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)"},{"key":"29","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Calibration","year":"2010"},{"key":"31","first-page":"472","volume-title":"An intelligent approach to hysteresis compensation while sampling using a fleet of autonomous watercraft","year":"2012"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-25210-6_54"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8035065"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.11.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"36","first-page":"17","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"New York Science Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"37","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Elementology"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8893064"},{"issue":"4","key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2009.09.015","volume":"23","year":"2010","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.1162"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/764008.763957"}],"container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2020\/8897126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2020\/8897126.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2020\/8897126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T23:31:09Z","timestamp":1600731069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2020\/8897126\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["8897126","8897126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8897126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-8669","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]]}}}