{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:39:12Z","timestamp":1788953952364,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":120,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A comparison of the superior and inferior rectus muscles was performed to determine whether they have similar structures and innervation attributable to their participation in the same type of, although antagonistic, eye movements. The study was conducted on 70 cadaveric hemiheads, and the anatomical variations in the superior and inferior rectus muscles were assessed. Sihler\u2019s whole mount nerve staining technique was used on 20 isolated superior and 20 isolated inferior rectus muscle specimens to visualize the intramuscular distribution of the oculomotor nerve subbranches. In two cases (~2.8%), variant muscular slips were found that connected the superior and inferior rectus muscles. In 80% of cases, muscular branches arising directly from the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve innervated the inferior rectus muscle, while in 20% of cases, the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle pierced the inferior rectus muscle and provided its innervation. In 15 of 70 specimens (21.4%), a branch to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle pierced the superior rectus muscle. The distance between the specific rectus muscle\u2019s insertion and the anterior\u2010most terminations of the nerves\u2019 subbranches with reference to the muscle\u2019s total length ranged from 26.9% to 47.2% for the inferior rectus and from 34.8% to 46.6% for the superior rectus, respectively. The superior rectus muscle is slightly longer and its insertion is farther from the limbus of the cornea than is the inferior rectus muscle. Both muscles share a common general pattern of intramuscular nerve subbranches\u2019 arborization, with characteristic Y\u2010shaped ramifications that form the terminal nerve plexus located near half of the muscles\u2019 length. Unexpected anatomical variations of the extraocular muscles may be relevant during orbital imaging or surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9037693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T23:39:17Z","timestamp":1588289957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparison of the Superior and Inferior Rectus Muscles in Humans: An Anatomical Study with Notes on Morphology, Anatomical Variations, and Intramuscular Innervation Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0117-4902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Ha\u0142adaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4146-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Polguj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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