{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1784801488397,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586304000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"KEMRI","award":["IRG\/157\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRG\/157\/5"]}]},{"name":"KEMRI","award":["NCST\/5\/003\/3rd CALL PhD\/110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCST\/5\/003\/3rd CALL PhD\/110"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005864","name":"National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRG\/157\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRG\/157\/5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005864","name":"National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCST\/5\/003\/3rd CALL PhD\/110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCST\/5\/003\/3rd CALL PhD\/110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>. Behavioural resistance to insecticides restrains the efficacy of vector control tools against mosquito-transmitted diseases. The current study is aimed at determining the impact of insecticide resistance on major malaria vectors\u2019 biting, feeding, and resting behaviour in areas with and areas without insecticide resistance in Teso North and Teso South, Busia County, Western Kenya. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Mosquito larvae were sampled using a dipper, reared into 3-5-day-old female mosquitoes [4944] which were exposed to 0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin using World Health Organization tube assay method. Blood meal, species identification, and <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> Eastgene PCRs were also performed on adult mosquitoes sampled using mosquito collection methods [3448]. Biting, feeding, resting, and exiting behaviours of field-collected mosquitoes from five selected clusters were analysed. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The lowest <jats:italic>Kdr<\/jats:italic> genotypic frequency (SS) proportion was found in female <jats:italic>Anophelines<\/jats:italic> collected in Kengatunyi at 58% while Rwatama had the highest genotypic frequency at 93%, thus susceptible and resistant clusters, respectively. The peak hour for mosquito seeking a human bite was between 0300 and 0400\u2009hrs in the resistant cluster and 0400-0500\u2009hrs in the susceptible cluster. The heterozygous mosquitoes maintained the known 2100-2200\u2009hrs peak hour. There was a higher proportion of homozygous susceptible vectors (86.4%) seeking humans indoor than outdoor bitters (78.3%). Mosquito blood meals of human origin were 60% and 87% in susceptible Kengatunyi and resistant Rwatama cluster, respectively. There was significant difference between homozygous-resistant vectors feeding on human blood compared to homozygous susceptible mosquitoes (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). The proportion of bovine blood was highest in the susceptible cluster. A higher proportion of homozygous-resistant anophelines were feeding and resting indoors. No heterozygous mosquito was found resting indoor while 4.2% of the mosquitoes were caught while exiting the house through the window. <jats:italic>Discussion<\/jats:italic>. A shift in resistant <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> sl highest peak hour of aggressiveness from 2100-2200\u2009hrs to 0300-0400\u2009hrs is a key change in its biting pattern. Due to the development of resistance, mosquitoes no longer have to compete against the time the human host enters into the formerly lethal chemical and or physical barrier in the form of long-lasting insecticide-treated net. No heterozygous LS mosquito rested indoors possibly due to disadvantages of heterozygosity which could have increased their fitness costs as well as energy costs in the presence of the insecticidal agents in the treated nets. <jats:italic>Conclusions and recommendations<\/jats:italic>. Out of bed biting by female mosquitoes and partial susceptibility may contribute to residual malaria transmission. Insecticide-resistant vectors have become more endophagic and anthropophillic. Hence, insecticidal nets, zooprophylaxis, and novel repellents are still useful chemical, biological, and physical barriers against human blood questing female mosquitoes. Further studies should be done on genetic changes in mosquitoes and their effects on changing mosquito behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9423682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T23:32:28Z","timestamp":1586388748000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Insecticide Resistance on <i>P. falciparum<\/i> Vectors\u2019 Biting, Feeding, and Resting Behaviour in Selected Clusters in Teso North and South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8257-3878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edward K.","family":"Githinji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern and Southern Africa Centre for International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC) KEMRI, P.O Box 54840 \u2013 00200, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197 \u2013 00200, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy W.","family":"Irungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197 \u2013 00200, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Machakos University, Machakos Campus, P.O. BOX 136 \u2013 90100, Machakos, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Ndegwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197 \u2013 00200, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell G.","family":"Machani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR) KEMRI, PO Box 1578 \u2013 40100, Kisumu, Nyanza, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard O.","family":"Amito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR) KEMRI, PO Box 1578 \u2013 40100, Kisumu, Nyanza, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigid J.","family":"Kemei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR) KEMRI, PO Box 1578 \u2013 40100, Kisumu, Nyanza, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Murima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-borne Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Afya House, Cathedral Road, P.O. Box 30016 \u2013 00100, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey M.","family":"Ombui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Training JKUAT Juja, P.O. Box 62 000 \u2013 00200, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony K.","family":"Wanjoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Training JKUAT Juja, P.O. 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