{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:51:06Z","timestamp":1772164266217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Introduction. Intensive care has played a pivotal role during the COVID-19 pandemic as many patients developed severe pulmonary complications. The availability of information in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) remains limited. The purpose of this study is to characterize COVID-19 positive admissions (CPAs) in the United States and to determine factors that may impact those admissions. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective cohort study using data from the COVID-19 Virtual Pediatric System (VPS) dashboard containing information regarding respiratory support and comorbidities for all CPAs between March and April 2020. The state-level data contained 13 different factors from population density, comorbid conditions, and social distancing score. The absolute CPA count was converted to frequency using the state\u2019s population. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess the association between CPA frequency and admission endpoints. Results. A total of 205 CPAs were reported by 167 PICUs across 48 states. The estimated CPA frequency was 2.8 per million children in a one-month period. A total of 3,235 tests were conducted of which 6.3% were positive. Children above 11 years of age comprised 69.7% of the total cohort and 35.1% had moderated or severe comorbidities. The median duration of a CPA was 4.9 days (1.25\u201312.00 days). Out of the 1,132 total CPA days, 592 (52.2%) involved mechanical ventilation. The inpatient mortalities were 3 (1.4%). Multivariate analyses demonstrated an association between CPAs with greater population density (beta coefficient 0.01,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.01<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). Multivariate analyses also demonstrated an association between pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus with increased CPA duration requiring advanced respiratory support (beta coefficient 5.1,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>&lt;<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.01<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and intubation (beta coefficient 4.6,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&lt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.01<\/e:mn>\n                      <\/e:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). Conclusions. Inpatient mortality during PICU CPAs is relatively low at 1.4%. CPA frequency seems to be impacted by population density. Type 1 DM appears to be associated with increased duration of HFNC and intubation. These factors should be included in future studies using patient-level data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9680905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T20:21:21Z","timestamp":1606162881000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Admissions for COVID-19: Insights Using State-Level Data"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-2835","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rohit S.","family":"Loomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care, Advocate Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chicago Medical School\/Rosalind Franklin School of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8993-5192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enrique G.","family":"Villarreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9731-2876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan S.","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald A.","family":"Bronicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of Critical Care Medicine and Cardiology, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6274-5775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saul","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of Critical Care Medicine and Cardiology, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","article-title":"Coronavirus has become a pandemic, W.H.O. says","volume-title":"The New York Times","author":"D. G. McNeil","year":"2020"},{"key":"2","author":"http:\/\/Worldometers.info","year":"2020"},{"key":"3","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), CDC COVID Data Tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1948"},{"issue":"3","key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1766","article-title":"Pediatric critical care and COVID-19","volume":"146","author":"S. Gonz\u00e1lez-Dambrauskas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6","article-title":"COVID-19: North American Pediatric ICUs. VPS COVID-19 Dashboard"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/phh.0000000000001190"},{"issue":"14","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6914e4","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in children - United States, February 12-April 2, 2020","volume":"69","author":"C. C.-R. Team","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4344"},{"issue":"2","key":"10","first-page":"145","article-title":"The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China","volume":"41","author":"T. Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1467"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0702"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"American Academy of PediatricsChildren and COVID-19: state-level data reporthttps:\/\/services.aap.org\/en\/pages\/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections\/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report\/"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v5.27060"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8388-3"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis307"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.005"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01279-y"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/734690"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30287-5"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8001"},{"key":"22","article-title":"Number of coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths in Sweden in 2020, by age groups"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0296"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2020\/9680905.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2020\/9680905.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2020\/9680905.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T20:21:41Z","timestamp":1606162901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2020\/9680905\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Asirvatham Alwin","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["9680905","9680905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/9680905","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.22.20160226","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1687-9759","1687-9740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9759","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-9740","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]}}}