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Following the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) in 1991, trans-border mobility increased within the former Soviet Union (FSU) countries. In addition, drug-trafficking and injection drug use began to rise, leading to the propagation and transmission of blood-borne infections within and across the FSU countries. To examine the transmission of blood-borne infections within this region, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationship of publically available sequences of two blood-borne viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), from FSU countries. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We analysed 614 and 295 NS5B sequences from HCV genotypes 1b and 3a, respectively, from 9 FSU countries. From 13 FSU countries, we analysed 347 HIV <jats:italic>gag<\/jats:italic> and 1282 HIV <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic> sequences. To examine transmission networks and the origins of infection, respectively, phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were performed. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Our analysis shows intermixing of HCV and HIV sequences, suggesting transmission of these viruses both within and across FSU countries. We show involvement of three major populations in transmission: injection drug user, heterosexual, and trans-border migrants. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. This study highlights the need to focus harm reduction efforts toward controlling transmission of blood-borne infections among the abovementioned high-risk populations in the FSU countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9701920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T23:36:52Z","timestamp":1594856212000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Transmission of HIV and HCV within Former Soviet Union Countries"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Lazzat","family":"Aibekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aizada","family":"Bexeitova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Science and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 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