{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:42:40Z","timestamp":1787244160093,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kampala International University Western Campus"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The current upsurge in resistance to conventional antibiotics, as well as high cost of orthodox medical treatment, called for the use of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy. This research was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of\n                    <jats:italic>Artocarpus heterophyllus<\/jats:italic>\n                    seed extracts (Jackfruit as it is locally called) in the treatment of diarrhoea. Ethanolic and hexanolic seed crude extracts of the plant were screened for antidiarrhoeal activity against bacteria isolated from clinical samples (methicillin-resistant and susceptible\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    multidrug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , ciprofloxacin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Plant phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. The antibacterial activity was carried out using the agar well diffusion method and compared to the standard antibiotics ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the microbroth dilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by plating out from microtitre plates with no visible growth. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and steroids from the prepared crude extracts. The ethanolic and hexanolic extracts had activity on multidrug-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa,<\/jats:italic>\n                    methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and methicillin-susceptible\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    with the mean and standard error zone of inhibition that ranged from 8.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 to 16.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.25\u2009mm; however, the extracts were found not to have activity on resistant\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The ethanolic crude extract had the lowest MIC and MBC values of 31.25 and 125\u2009mg\/ml, respectively, compared to the hexane extract which had the MIC and MBC values of 62.50 and 250\u2009mg\/ml, respectively. This provides the evidence for its usage as an alternative herbal remedy for the treatment of diarrhoea caused by susceptible and methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and multidrug resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9813970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T19:33:32Z","timestamp":1599507212000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of\n                    <i>Artocarpus heterophyllus<\/i>\n                    Seeds against Selected Diarrhoea-Causing Superbug Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Asio","family":"Eve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1790-1548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adamu Almustapha","family":"Aliero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Nalubiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasheed Omotayo","family":"Adeyemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saheed Adekunle","family":"Akinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-7743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Theophilus","family":"Pius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saphurah","family":"Nabaasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Nabukeera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir","family":"Alkali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3157-6251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Ntulume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, P.O Box 71 Bushenyi, Ishaka, 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