{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:00:18Z","timestamp":1753887618569,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":227,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013147","name":"Research Program of Science and Technology at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NJZY20112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY20112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019MS08036","2021LHMS06007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019MS08036","2021LHMS06007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007946","name":"Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMDYB19060","BS543","BS603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMDYB19060","BS543","BS603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007946","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Naru3 (NR) is a traditional Mongolian medicine with high clinical efficacy and low incidence of side effects. Metabolomics is an approach that can facilitate the development of traditional drugs. However, metabolomic data have a high throughput, sparse, high\u2010dimensional, and small sample nature, and their classification is challenging. Although deep learning methods have a wide range of applications, deep learning\u2010based metabolomic studies have not been widely performed. We aimed to develop an improved stacked autoencoder (SAE) for metabolomic data classification. We established an NR\u2010treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mouse model and classified the obtained metabolomic data using the Hessian\u2010free SAE (HF\u2010SAE) algorithm. During training, the unlabeled data were used for pretraining, and the labeled data were used for fine\u2010tuning based on the HF algorithm for gradient descent optimization. The hybrid algorithm successfully classified the data. The results were compared with those of the support vector machine (SVM), <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2010nearest neighbor (KNN), and gradient descent SAE (GD\u2010SAE) algorithms. A five\u2010fold cross\u2010validation was used to complete the classification experiment. In each fine\u2010tuning process, the mean square error (MSE) and misclassification rates of the training and test data were recorded. We successfully established an NR animal model and an improved SAE for metabolomic data classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1051172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T22:50:10Z","timestamp":1629154210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Improved Stacked Autoencoder for Metabolomic Data Classification"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1127-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2137-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhili","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shicheng","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1131-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Observation on curative effect of Mongolian medicine naru-3 pills in treating rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Feng B.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of North Pharmacy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","first-page":"166","article-title":"Analysis of the clinical efficacy and safety of Mongolian medicine Naru-3 pills in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Zhi W.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Clinical Medical Literature"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-020-0822-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa516"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw710"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa523"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574893614666191119123935"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6213474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/135475000750052420"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.076133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200900181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw832"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_692"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.02.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03795"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.7b00595"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","first-page":"92","article-title":"Multivariate analysis in metabolomics","volume":"1","author":"Bradley W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Metabolomics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.05.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MendezK. 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