{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:21:32Z","timestamp":1793042492052,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":236,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Symbiosis International University","award":["PRN 12049001008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRN 12049001008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV\u20101 can incite activation of chemokine receptors, inflammatory mediators, and glutamate receptor\u2010mediated excitotoxicity. The mechanisms associated with such immune activation can disrupt neuronal and glial functions. HIV\u2010associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is being observed since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic due to a change in the functional integrity of cells from the central nervous system (CNS). Even with the presence of antiretroviral therapy, there is a decline in the functioning of the brain especially movement skills, noticeable swings in mood, and routine performance activities. Under the umbrella of HAND, various symptomatic and asymptomatic conditions are categorized and are on a rise despite the use of newer antiretroviral agents. Due to the use of long\u2010lasting antiretroviral agents, this deadly disease is becoming a manageable chronic condition with the occurrence of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), symptomatic mild neurocognitive disorder, or HIV\u2010associated dementia. In\u2010depth research in the pathogenesis of HIV has focused on various mechanisms involved in neuronal dysfunction and associated toxicities ultimately showcasing the involvement of various pathways. Increasing evidence\u2010based studies have emphasized a need to focus and explore the specific pathways in inflammation\u2010associated neurodegenerative disorders. In the current review, we have highlighted the association of various HIV proteins and neuronal cells with their involvement in various pathways responsible for the development of neurotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1267041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T20:06:13Z","timestamp":1629921973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["HIV\u2010Associated Neurotoxicity: The Interplay of Host and Viral Proteins"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8966-7017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushama","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6420-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Nema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnr.2006.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","unstructured":"Fact Sheet UNAIDS Report https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09411-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-956759"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.01029.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3016903"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90418-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.8.4111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.1000255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(07)55010-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X16666181003144740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-11-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","first-page":"S14","article-title":"HIV-1 infected mononuclear phagocyte secretory products affect neuronal physiology leading to cellular demise: relevance for HIV-1-associated dementia","volume":"6","author":"Xiong H.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neurovirology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4072-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65752-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","first-page":"1881","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency viruses and their replication","volume":"72","author":"Luciw P. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(97)00053-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1917"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02737124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.23.10873"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.4230-4238.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.8.4595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Regulation of HIV-1 transcription","volume":"8","author":"Roebuck K. A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene Expression"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.3.2495-2499.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Principles of neural science","author":"Kandel E. R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-01-00187.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.3.1475-1480.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2007.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280490441103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3085-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7040038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2020.1814962"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.52.1.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80898-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90306-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.10.7108-7115.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-017-0175-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385987-7.00005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00229-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.12.5826"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/385645a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.205-213.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0503204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9478-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1995.tb01053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02022-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02333775"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009006381"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21697"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.1.541-544.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32835fc601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-7431(03)00171-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03333-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0371-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1460-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20746"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6030023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14668"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4740-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20060043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.17.8195-8202.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01495-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:27:1:079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.165.4.1230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200903070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/2860"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.3.376"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.5.725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1894"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0731363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200002)47:2<186::AID-ANA8>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199908000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0664"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01166-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35073667"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1527"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00174-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016205774370401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00262-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.130181"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/ijtr.s4321"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920007780362581"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00498.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_2","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway metabolite quinolinic acid upregulates CCR5 expression","volume":"13","author":"Kandanearatchi A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurovirology"}],"container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2021\/1267041.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2021\/1267041.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/1267041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T09:23:08Z","timestamp":1756372988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/1267041"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nadra","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/1267041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1267041","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9351","1466-1861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9351","type":"print"},{"value":"1466-1861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1267041"}}