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However, the therapeutic benefits and related mechanisms of rTMS in PD are still uncertain. Accordingly, preclinical animal research is helpful for enabling translational research to explore an effective therapeutic strategy and for better understanding the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the current study was designed to identify the therapeutic effects of rTMS on hemiparkinsonian rats. A hemiparkinsonian rat model, induced by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), was applied to evaluate the therapeutic potential of rTMS in motor functions and neuroprotective effect of dopaminergic neurons. Following early and long-term rTMS intervention with an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) paradigm (starting 24\u2009h post-6-OHDA lesion, 1 session\/day, 7 days\/week, for a total of 4 weeks) in awake hemiparkinsonian rats, the effects of rTMS on the performance in detailed functional behavioral tests, including video-based gait analysis, the bar test for akinesia, apomorphine-induced rotational analysis, and tests of the degeneration level of dopaminergic neurons, were identified. We found that four weeks of rTMS intervention significantly reduced the aggravation of PD-related symptoms post-6-OHDA lesion. Immunohistochemically, the results showed that tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH-) positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and fibers in the striatum were significantly preserved in the rTMS treatment group. These findings suggest that early and long-term rTMS with the iTBS paradigm exerts neuroprotective effects and mitigates motor impairments in a hemiparkinsonian rat model. These results further highlight the potential therapeutic effects of rTMS and confirm that long-term rTMS treatment might have clinical relevance and usefulness as an additional treatment approach in individuals with PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1763533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T23:20:39Z","timestamp":1640647239000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Early Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Exerts Neuroprotective Effects and Improves Motor Functions in Hemiparkinsonian Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1794-7941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tsung-Hsun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2533-0124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao-Kuo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1956-2268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui-Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2751-5066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jia-Jin J.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-4094","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3512-7215","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hao-Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6495-5928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Rotenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6795-5974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ko-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Yuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Early Childhood and Family Educare, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua County, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8426-4016","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yung-Hsiao","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9308-5298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pi-Kai","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9245-635X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chi-Wei","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70471-9"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"Geriatric Rehabilitation Manual","author":"T. 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