{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:19:26Z","timestamp":1783099166161,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2019YFC1711000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1711000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Betel nut, the fruit of Areca catechu L, has a long medical history in Southeast Asia. It is native to Malaysia and is cultivated and processed extensively in subtropical regions, such as South China and India. Betel nut almost appears as a \u201csnack\u201d in various occasions in most parts of China. Clinically, betel nut can play a certain pharmacology role and was used in malaria, ascariasis, arthritis, enterozoic abdominalgia, stagnation of food, diarrhea, edema, and beriberi. The nervous excitement of betel nut chewing has made it gradually become popular. However, chewing betel nut can induce oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and oral cancer (OC). At the same time, long-term chewing of betel nut also causes inhaled asthma, sperm reducing, betel quid dependence (BQD), and uterine and esophageal cancers. The main components of processed betel nut are the goal of this review. This study will mainly start from the pharmacological activity and toxicology study of betel nut in recent years, aiming to seek its advantages and disadvantages. In the meantime, this study will analyze and emphasize that betel nut and arecoline are the high-risk factors for oral cancer, which should arouse attention and vigilance of the public.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1808081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T21:23:42Z","timestamp":1629321822000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Chemical Composition, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Effects of Betel Nut"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-4055","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-3849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongzhi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3177-7421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanru","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40278"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00711"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9673(01)89702-8"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(89)90096-2"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2019.104276"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109977"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2012.07.003"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.199600013"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6081"},{"key":"10","first-page":"161","article-title":"Antioxidant and cytotoxic phenolic compounds of areca nut (areca catechu)","volume":"26","author":"X. 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