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Meanwhile, scorpions are sexually dimorphic in appearance, and many exhibit traits associated with sex-biased gene expression, including maternal care, mating competition, female mating choices, ecology, and even venom composition and lethality. This study aims to explore the differences in composition of the venom of scorpions of different sex using the method of transcriptomics. Whole de novo transcriptomes were performed on the samples of M. martensii captured from Gansu Province to identify their sex-biased gene expression. The conserved CO-1 sequences of the captured samples matched that of M. martensii. A total of 8,444 (35.15%), 7,636 (31.78%), 8,510 (35.42%), 7,840 (32.63%), 9,980 (41.54%), and 11,829 (49.23%) unigenes were annotated with GO, KEGG, Pfam, Swissprot, eggNOG, and NR databases. Moreover, a total of 43 metalloproteases, 40 potassium channel toxins, 24 phospholipases, 12 defensins, 10 peroxiredoxins, 9 cysteine proteinase inhibitors, 7 serine protease inhibitors, 6 sodium channel toxins, 2 NDBPs, 1 calcium channel toxin, 1 waprin-like peptide, 1 antibacterial peptide, 1 antimicrobial peptide, and 1 anticoagulant peptide were screened out. With the fold change of 2 and 0.5, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> value\u2009&lt;\u20090.01, and q value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 as thresholds, a total of 41 out of 157 (26.11%) toxin-related unigenes had significant differential expression, and this ratio was much higher than the ratio of differentially expressed unigenes out of all annotated ones (8.84%). Of these differentially expressed toxins, 28 were upregulated and occupied the majority, up to 68.30%. The female scorpions showed more upregulated unigenes that annotated with toxins and had the potential to be used as more effective therapeutic drugs. In addition, this method of omics can be further used as a useful way to identify the difference between female and male toxic animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1967158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T19:20:22Z","timestamp":1629573622000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sex-Biased Gene Expression of Mesobuthus martensii Collected from Gansu Province, China, Reveals Their Different Therapeutic Potentials"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3514-3381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Songyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9355-9609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-5833","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xintong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6821-9995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0884-3806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yina","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5476-8304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0804-7896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-1181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8655-1185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Medical District of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100120, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8371-3545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haihu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intervention, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5200-9240","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3916","article-title":"Subtle variation in size and shape of the whole forewing and the red band among co-mimics revealed by geometric morphometric analysis in butterflies","volume":"8","author":"D. 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