{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:59:01Z","timestamp":1753887541668,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":319,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006701","name":"Umm Al-Qura University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-SCI-1-03-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-SCI-1-03-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Watermarking techniques in a wide range of digital media was utilized as a host cover to hide or embed a piece of information message in such a way that it is invisible to a human observer. This study aims to develop an enhanced rapid and blind method for producing a watermarked 3D object using QR code images with high imperceptibility and transparency. The proposed method is based on the spatial domain, and it starts with converting the 3D object triangles from the three\u2010dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to the two\u2010dimensional coordinates domain using the corresponding transformation matrix. Then, it applies a direct modification on the third vertex point of each triangle. Each triangle\u2019s coordinates in the 3D object can be used to embed one pixel from the QR code image. In the extraction process, the QR code pixels can be successfully extracted without the need for the original image. The imperceptibly and the transparency performances of the proposed watermarking algorithm were evaluated using Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine distance, and the correlation distance values. The proposed method was tested under various filtering attacks, such as rotation, scaling, and translation. The proposed watermarking method improved the robustness and visibility of extracting the QR code image. The results reveal that the proposed watermarking method yields watermarked 3D objects with excellent execution time, imperceptibility, and robustness to common filtering attacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2236866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T05:35:20Z","timestamp":1637127320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rapid and Blind Watermarking Approach of the 3D Objects Using QR Code Images for Securing Copyright"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0648-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan S.","family":"Al-Saadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6425-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elhadad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6093-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Ghareeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682199.2020.1740431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13319-018-0194-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2017.2723244"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-KhafajiH.andAbhayaratneC. Graph spectral domain blind watermarking Proceedings of the ICASSP 2019-2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) May 2019 Brighton UK IEEE 2492\u20132496 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icassp.2019.8683753 2-s2.0-85069471387.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8683753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-011-0650-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08296-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.12.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b10688"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37422"},{"volume-title":"Technologies for 3D Model Watermarking: A Survey","year":"2007","author":"Chou C.-M.","key":"e_1_2_9_10_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","first-page":"1955","article-title":"A review: QR codes and its image pre-processing method","volume":"5","author":"Singh A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info11040217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ArkahZ. M. AlzubaidiL. AliA. A. andAbdulameerA. T. Digital color documents authentication using QR code based on digital watermarking Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications December 2018 Vellore India Springer 1093\u20131101.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16657-1_102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CardamoneN.andd\u2019AmoreF. DWT and QR code based watermarking for document DRM Proceedings of the International Workshop on Digital Watermarking October 2018 Jeju Island Korea Springer 137\u2013150.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11389-6_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2019.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-5178-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4909-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RanX.andLiD. QR code digital watermarking algorithm based on two-dimensional logistic chaotic map Proceedings of the Advances in 3D Image and Graphics Representation Analysis Computing and Information Technology 2020 Singapore Springer 349\u2013357 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-3863-6_39.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3863-6_39"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChowY.-W. SusiloW. TonienJ. andZongW. A QR code watermarking approach based on the DWT-DCT technique Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy July 2017 Auckland New Zealand Springer 314\u2013331 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-59870-3_18 2-s2.0-85020641408.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59870-3_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5699-4_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","article-title":"Security overview of QR codes","volume":"6","author":"Peng K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Student Project in the MIT Course"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TiwariS. An introduction to QR code technology Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT) December 2016 Bhuvaneshwar India IEEE 39\u201344 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icit.2016.021.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2016.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","article-title":"QR code essentials","volume":"900","author":"Denso A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Denso Wave"},{"volume-title":"QR Code Generator 1.1 Based on Zxing - File Exchange - MATLAB Central","year":"2020","author":"Richter J.","key":"e_1_2_9_24_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","unstructured":"DeanT.andDunnC. Quick layered response (QLR) codes 2012 2 Deparment of Electrical Engineering Stanford University California CA USA Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02763869.2011.590423"},{"volume-title":"Elementary Differential Geometry","year":"2006","author":"O\u2032neill B.","key":"e_1_2_9_27_2"},{"volume-title":"Taxicab Geometry: An Adventure in Non-euclidean Geometry","year":"1986","author":"Krause E. F.","key":"e_1_2_9_28_2"},{"volume-title":"Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques","year":"2011","author":"Han J.","key":"e_1_2_9_29_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09-aoas312b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiuH. LiS. LiG. WangH. J. I. T. andControl Robust adaptive control for fractional-order financial chaotic systems with system uncertainties and external disturbances 2017 46 no. 2 246\u2013259 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5755\/j01.itc.46.2.13972 2-s2.0-85021803001.","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.itc.46.2.13972"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042-017-0646-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","unstructured":"Free3D Egg free 3d model by pepnudl 2019 https:\/\/free3d.com\/3d-model\/egg-370117.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","unstructured":"TechG. Large geometric models archive 2020 https:\/\/www.cc.gatech.edu\/projects\/large_models\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","unstructured":"Thingiverse Egyptian cat figurine by magiczztab 2016 https:\/\/www.thingiverse.com\/thing:1378163\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2003.819861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","unstructured":"onlineI. Scan QR code barcode and datamatrix code online 2018 https:\/\/www.imgonline.com.ua\/eng\/scan-qr-bar-code.php."}],"container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2021\/2236866.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2021\/2236866.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/2236866","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T12:05:20Z","timestamp":1722945920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/2236866"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ahmed Mostafa","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/2236866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/2236866","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1687-5265"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-5273"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2236866"}}