{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T03:09:30Z","timestamp":1772593770144,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":237,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During 2021, different worldwide initiatives have been established for the development of digital vaccination certificates to alleviate the restrictions associated with the COVID\u201019 pandemic to vaccinated individuals. Although diverse technologies can be considered for the deployment of such certificates, the use of blockchain has been suggested as a promising approach due to its decentralization and transparency features. However, the proposed solutions often lack realistic experimental evaluation that could help to determine possible practical challenges for the deployment of a blockchain platform for this purpose. To fill this gap, this work introduces a scalable, blockchain\u2010based platform for the secure sharing of COVID\u201019 or other disease vaccination certificates. As an indicative use case, we emulate a large\u2010scale deployment by considering the countries of the European Union. The platform is evaluated through extensive experiments measuring computing resource usage, network response time, and bandwidth. Based on the results, the proposed scheme shows satisfactory performance across all major evaluation criteria, suggesting that it can set the pace for real implementations. Vis\u2010\u00e0\u2010vis the related work, the proposed platform is novel, especially through the prism of a large\u2010scale, full\u2010fledged implementation and its assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2427896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T03:48:30Z","timestamp":1630036110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Sharing Pandemic Vaccination Certificates through Blockchain: Case Study and Performance Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Karopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6455-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Geneiatakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6348-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kambourakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor Nai","family":"Fovino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Timeline of WHO\u2019s Response to COVID-19 2020 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/29-06-2020-covidtimeline."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","volume-title":"Interim Report September 2020","author":"OECD Economic Outlook","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8851429"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251867"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines 2021 WHO https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","unstructured":"DHL DHL White Paper-Delivering Pandemic Resilience-How to Secure Stable Supply Chains for Vaccines and Medical Goods during the COVID-19 Crisis and Future Health Emergencies 2020 https:\/\/www.dhl.com\/content\/dam\/dhl\/global\/core\/documents\/pdf\/glo-core-delivering-pandemic-resilience-2020.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00306-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","unstructured":"Tracking COVID-19 Vaccinations Worldwide https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/interactive\/2021\/health\/global-covid-vaccinations\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-00396-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","unstructured":"GruenerD. 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