{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:56:10Z","timestamp":1770843370403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint WASP\/NTU Programme","award":["M4082189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M4082189"]}]},{"name":"Joint WASP\/NTU Programme","award":["M4082418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M4082418"]}]},{"name":"DSAIR@NTU","award":["M4082189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M4082189"]}]},{"name":"DSAIR@NTU","award":["M4082418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M4082418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose an empirically based Monte Carlo bus\u2010network (EMB) model as a test bed to simulate intervention strategies to overcome the inefficiencies of bus bunching. The EMB model is an agent\u2010based model which utilizes the positional and temporal data of the buses obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) to constitute (1) a set of empirical velocity distributions of the buses and (2) a set of exponential distributions of interarrival time of passengers at the bus stops. Monte Carlo sampling is then performed on these two derived probability distributions to yield the stochastic dynamics of both the buses\u2019 motion and passengers\u2019 arrival. Our EMB model is generic and can be applied to any real\u2010world bus network system. In particular, we have validated the model against the Nanyang Technological University\u2019s Shuttle Bus System by demonstrating its accuracy in capturing the bunching dynamics of the shuttle buses. Furthermore, we have analyzed the efficacy of three intervention strategies: holding, no\u2010boarding, and centralized\u2010pulsing, against bus bunching by incorporating the rule set of these strategies into the model. Under the scenario where the buses have the same velocity, we found that all three strategies improve both the waiting and travelling times of the commuters. However, when the buses have different velocities, only the centralized\u2010pulsing scheme consistently outperforms the control scenario where the buses periodically bunch together.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2606191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T20:42:50Z","timestamp":1610138570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Analysis and Simulation of Intervention Strategies against Bus Bunching by means of an Empirical Agent\u2010Based Model"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Wei Liang","family":"Quek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ning Ning","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vee-Liem","family":"Saw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lock Yue","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","unstructured":"NewellG. F.andPottsR. B. Maintaining a bus schedule Proceedings of the 2nd Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) Conference 1964 Melbourne Australia 388\u2013393."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-016-0126-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43310-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","unstructured":"ChewL. Y. SawV.-L. andPangY. E. I. Stability of anti-bunched buses and local unidirectional kuramoto oscillators Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Dynamical Systems\u2014Theory and Application December 2019 \u0141\u00f3d\u017c Poland."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.6.1.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.8.3.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.5670200106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/9780585474182-007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85970-0_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtm.2005.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450590934642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2009.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-007-0112-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2010.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2012.2188394"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2014.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9407801"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2018.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2452348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2008.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016507108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93372-6_31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2011.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","unstructured":"LiuR.andSinhaS. Modelling urban bus service and passenger reliability Proceedings of the The Third International Symposium on Transportation Network Reliability July 2007 The Hague Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060802086512"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2013.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2016.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/29\/1\/015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2013.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9714046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511755743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2016.2542268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7274254"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","volume-title":"Dynamics of First Order Phase Transitions","author":"Binder K.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511564284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1062-7901(06)80014-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4371(02)01036-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10583-2_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2632-072x\/ab4af5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/jp1:1992277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/17\/5\/053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physreve.90.032810"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","unstructured":"It was found that interpolating the data with a collection interval of \u03b4t\u2009=\u20093\u2009s leads to an unrealistic reduction of stoppages at the traffic junctions."}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2021\/2606191.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2021\/2606191.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/2606191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T22:14:13Z","timestamp":1723241653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/2606191"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tingqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/2606191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/2606191","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0526","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2606191"}}