{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:21:26Z","timestamp":1791976886277,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["1R01HD082302-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HD082302-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. There is no diagnosis for phantom limb pain (PLP), and its investigation is based on anamnesis, which is subject to several biases. Therefore, it is important to describe and standardize the diagnostic methodology for PLP. Objective. To characterise PLP and, secondarily, to determine predictors for its diagnosis. Methodology. This is a cross-sectional study involving patients with unilateral traumatic lower-limb amputation aged over 18 years. Those with clinical decompensation or evidence of disease, trauma, or surgery in the central or peripheral nervous system were excluded. Sociodemographic and rehabilitative data were collected; PLP was characterised using the visual analogue scale (VAS), pain descriptors, and weekly frequency. Results. A total of 55 eligible patients participated in the study; most were male, young, above-knee amputees in the preprosthetic phase of the rehabilitation. The median PLP VAS was 60 (50\u201379.3) mm characterised by 13 (6\u201320) different descriptors in the same patient, which coexist, alternate, and add up to a frequency of 3.94 (2.5\u20134.38) times per week. The most frequent descriptor was movement of the phantom limb (70.91%). Tingling, numbness, flushing, itchiness, spasm, tremor, and throbbing are statistically significant PLP descriptor numbers per patient predicted by above-knee amputation, prosthetic phase, higher education level, and greater PLP intensity by VAS (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.05<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Conclusion. PLP is not a single symptom, but a set with different sensations and perceptions that need directed and guided anamnesis for proper diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2706731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T23:05:06Z","timestamp":1639436706000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characterisation of Phantom Limb Pain in Traumatic Lower-Limb Amputees"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2818-2101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Tadeu","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina F\u00edsica e Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1656-9659","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcel","family":"Simis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina F\u00edsica e Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9359-8643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felipe","family":"Fregni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5275-0733","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linamara Rizzo","family":"Battistella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina F\u00edsica e Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Legal, \u00c9tica M\u00e9dica e Medicina Social e do Trabalho, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-7-18"},{"issue":"392","key":"2","first-page":"1923","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"10","author":"S. 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