{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:14:11Z","timestamp":1758845651378,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":252,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With huge number of smart gadgets and wireless devices being interconnected to each other, the demand for very high data bandwidth is becoming critically challenging. With such density of nodes inside wireless networks, providing high\u2010quality service as well as wide coverage in indoor environment is a real challenge, which is due to the limited radio frequency and intense interference between nodes. As a one way to solve such problem and improve indoor service quality, femtocells have been introduced as an extension to the existing macrocell stations. Although femtocell is a promising technology, the pervasive deployment of huge number of femtocells without very tight network planning as well as coverage strategy may worsen the problem and degrade the service quality. One important problem that needs to be addressed when deploying femtocell technology in heterogenous networks (HetNets) is mitigating the various types of cross\u2010tier and cotier interferences in between wireless cells. This study investigates the effect of unplanned ultradensity femtocell deployment in the downlink performance of two\u2010tier heterogeneous networks in urban area based on LTE system. Instead of deploying femtocells one by one, grids of size either (3 \u00d7 3) or (5 \u00d7 5) of neighboring femtocell will be deployed inside each macrocell sector area. The simulation results show that femtocell deployment improves overall average user throughput in case of low and medium density scenarios. However, for ultradensity scenario, there is no enhancement in terms of fairness and throughput. The results confirm that this leads to high degradation for macrocell and femtocell user performance due to the severe interference between macrocells and femtocells, as well as among neighboring femtocells in each grid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2735935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T21:05:06Z","timestamp":1631307906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Femtocell Ultradense Deployment on Downlink Performance in LTE Heterogeneous Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Motea Saleh","family":"Al-omari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ahmed","family":"Alomari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahman","family":"Ramli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aduwati","family":"Sali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raja Syamsul","family":"Azmir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Hafiz","family":"Yusoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-015-0338-x"},{"volume-title":"IPR and the Potential Effect on Femtocell Markets","year":"2008","author":"Carlaw S.","key":"e_1_2_11_2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06134-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YehS.-p. TalwarS. HimayatN. andJohnssonK. Power control based interference mitigation in multi-tier networks 2010 IEEE Globecom Workshops 2010 Miami FL USA 701\u2013705.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2010.5700413"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2892138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2019.0196"},{"volume-title":"Radioframe Presentation","year":"2008","author":"Cullen J.","key":"e_1_2_11_7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HoL. T.andClaussenH. Effects of user-deployed co-channel femtocells on the call drop probability in a residential scenario 2007 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications 2007 Athens Greece 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2007.4394281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rezD. de la RocheG. ValcarceA. JuttnerA. andZhangJ. Interference avoidance and dynamic frequency planning for WiMAX femtocells networks 2008 11th IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems 2008 Guangzhou China 1579\u20131584.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2008.4737449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","unstructured":"ChowdhuryM. Z. JangY. M. andHaasZ. J. Interference mitigation using dynamic frequency re-use for dense femtocell network architectures 2010 Second international conference on ubiquitous and future networks (ICUFN) 2010 Jeju Korea (South)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","unstructured":"ChambersD. Femtocell History April 2018 http:\/\/www.thinkfemtocell.com\/FAQs\/femtocell-history.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4623708"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bltj.20292"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.5277459"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","unstructured":"WiMAX Forum Requirements for WiMAX Femtocell Systems 2009 Version 1.0.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","unstructured":"3GPP Release 8 http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/Release-8."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.5277458"},{"volume-title":"Director, CDMA Femtocell program, Airvana Incorporated","year":"2008","author":"Harikumar G. J. D.","key":"e_1_2_11_18_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470978504"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","unstructured":"3GPP Technical Specification TS 36213 V1030 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Layer Procedures 2011 http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/Specs\/html-info\/36213.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6461192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2723399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KhandekarA. BhushanN. TingfangJ. andVanghiV. LTE-advanced: heterogeneous networks 2010 European wireless conference (EW) 2010 Lucca Italy 978\u2013982.","DOI":"10.1109\/EW.2010.5483516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","article-title":"Deployment of femtocell and its interference management approaches in LTE heterogeneous networks","volume":"87","author":"Al-Omari M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","unstructured":"LindbomL. LoveR. KrishnamurthyS. YaoC. MikiN. andChandrasekharV. Enhanced inter-cell interference coordination for heterogeneous networks in lte-advanced: a survey 2011 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1112.1344."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BendlinR. ChandrasekharV. ChenR. EkpenyongA. andOnggosanusiE. From homogeneous to heterogeneous networks: a 3GPP long term evolution rel. 8\/9 case study 2011 45th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems 2011 Baltimore MD USA 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2011.5766247"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.5277454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3440"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9093139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119385271.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2794508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i2\/80490"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1465-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2012.6231163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TingK.-C. LinW. andWangC.-P. A distributed power control scheme for the mitigation of co-tier downlink interference for femtocell in the future 5G networks International Conference on Internet of Things as a Service 2017 Cham 73\u201385.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00410-1_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeeT. YoonJ. LeeS. andShinJ. Interference management in OFDMA femtocell systems using fractional frequency reuse 2010 international conference on communications circuits and systems (ICCCAS) 2010 Chengdu China 176\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCAS.2010.5582043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-018-1084-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5783-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5394026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LingJ. ChizhikD. andValenzuelaR. On resource allocation in dense femto-deployments Microwaves Communications Antennas and Electronics Systems 2009. COMCAS 2009. IEEE International Conference on 2009 Tel Aviv Israel 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMCAS.2009.5385992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SunZ. YinC. andYueG. Reduced-complexity proportional fair scheduling for OFDMA systems 2 2006 International Conference on Communications Circuits and Systems 2006 Guilin China 1221\u20131225.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCAS.2006.284866"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1300000015"},{"volume-title":"Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA); Radio Frequency (RF) System Scenarios (Release 10)","year":"2010","author":"3GPP","key":"e_1_2_11_43_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","unstructured":"Alcatel-Lucent Simulation Assumptions and Parameters for FDD HeNB RF Requirements 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HanK. ChoiY. KimD. NaM. ChoiS. andHanK. Optimization of femtocell network configuration under interference constraints 2009 7th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks 2009 Seoul Korea (South) 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIOPT.2009.5291642"},{"volume-title":"A Quantitative Measure of Fairness and Discrimination","year":"1984","author":"Jain R. K.","key":"e_1_2_11_46_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0617-3"}],"container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2021\/2735935.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2021\/2735935.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/2735935","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T05:54:53Z","timestamp":1725774893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/2735935"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vicente","family":"Casares-Giner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/2735935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/2735935","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-8669"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-8677"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2735935"}}