{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:54:44Z","timestamp":1780469684745,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005925","name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cSan Huang Powder,\u201d a nonsterile milled herb powder, is frequently used to treat burn wounds in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. However, treating a wound with a nonsterile dressing or reagent is not compatible with the current guidelines in modern medicine. Therefore, we investigated the bactericidal and anti-inflammatory activities of four herb extracts used in \u201cSan Huang Powder\u201d in vitro. Meanwhile, an in vivo porcine model with superficial second-degree burns was used for the experiments since the size and skin composition of pigs are the closest to that of the human body. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the herb extracts was determined. The in vitro assay indicated that Rhubarb and Phellodendron bark extracts decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, IL-8, and GM-CSF on LPS-induced HMEC-1 cells. In accordance with this result, the histopathological evaluation results showed that the efficacy of \u201cSan Huang Powder\u201d containing both herb materials was much better than the group without Rhubarb. Our results not only provide a basis to understand why \u201cSan Huang Powder\u201d has been used to clinically treat wounds without sterilization directly since ancient times but also show the advantages of using multiple herb materials simultaneously on wound sites to prevent infection during treatment. Rhubarb is the recommended ingredient involved in the preparation of \u201cSan Huang Powder\u201d to ensure the healing efficacy of burn wounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2900060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T05:42:59Z","timestamp":1634103779000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activity of Herb Extracts Used in Burn Wound Healing: \u201cSan Huang Powder\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8414-6968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jia-Ru","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Jen","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Hsing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Chih","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhong-Kuei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ting","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9135-9577","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tsung-Jung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-2178","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hao-Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Clinical observation on 58 cases of second degree burns treated by san huang san","volume-title":"Jilin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine","author":"G. 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