{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T18:44:06Z","timestamp":1778870646587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":228,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Research at Alfaisal University, KSA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also named as drones, have become a modern model to provide a quick wireless communication infrastructure. They have been used when conventional base stations\u2019 capacity is suffering in some extreme cases such as congestion inside the cell or a special event. This paper proposes an efficient three\u2010dimension (3D) placement of a single UAV\u2010assisted wireless network in such cases. Our proposed model assists the ground base station (GBS) using the UAV to serve arbitrary distributed users considering the impact of the obstacle blockage over the well\u2010known air\u2010to\u2010ground (A2G) path model. This work is aimed at optimizing the percentage of available bandwidth that must be provided to the UAV in order to maximize the number of served users. In addition, it finds the 3D placement of the UAV base station (UAVBS) that maximizes the number of served users, each with maximum quality\u2010of\u2010service (QoS). The exhaustive search and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms are used to find the problem\u2019s solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2937224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T02:50:05Z","timestamp":1629255005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["3D Deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle\u2010Base Station Assisting Ground\u2010Base Station"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3213-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled F.","family":"Hayajneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5563-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Bani-Hani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5350-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazim","family":"Shakhatreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9479-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Anan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7040-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Sawalmeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2018.2879940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7470933"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2902862"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2952892"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.919209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2915069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2014.2342736"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","unstructured":"OnoF. TakizawaK. TsujiH. andMiuraR. S-band radio propagation characteristics in urban environment for unmanned aircraft systems in 2015 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP) 2015 IEEE 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FengQ. McGeehanJ. TamehE. K. andNixA. R. Path loss models for air-to-ground radio channels in urban environments 6 in 2006 IEEE 63rd vehicular technology conference 2006 IEEE 2901\u20132905.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2006.1683399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lwc.2017.2755643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bor-YalinizR. I. El-KeyiA. andYanikomerogluH. Efficient 3-d placement of an aerial base station in next generation cellular networks in 2016 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) 2016 IEEE 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2016.7510820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2018.2874230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2700840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lwc.2017.2752161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CicekC. T. GultekinH. TavliB. andYanikomerogluH. Uav base station location optimization for next generation wireless networks: overview and future research directions in 2019 1st International Conference on Unmanned Vehicle Systems-Oman (UVS) 2019 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/UVS.2019.8658363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShakhatrehH. KhreishahA. AlsarhanA. KhalilI. SawalmehA. andOthmanN. S. Efficient 3d placement of a uav using particle swarm optimization in 2017 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS) 2017 IEEE 258\u2013263.","DOI":"10.1109\/IACS.2017.7921981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShakhatrehH. KhreishahA. andJiB. Providing wireless coverage to high-rise buildings using uavs in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2017 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7997403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KalantariE. YanikomerogluH. andYongacogluA. On the number and 3d placement of drone base stations in wireless cellular networks in 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall) 2016 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2016.7881122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KalantariE. Bor-YalinizI. YongacogluA. andYanikomerogluH. User association and bandwidth allocation for terrestrial and aerial base stations with backhaul considerations in 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) 2017 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2017.8292783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lwc.2017.2779483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShiW. LiJ. XuW. ZhouH. ZhangN. andShenX. 3d drone-cell deployment optimization for drone assisted radio access networks in 2017 IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC) 2017 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2017.8330438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2892564"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GhazzaiH. GhorbelM. B. KadriA. andHossainM. J. Energy efficient 3d positioning of micro unmanned aerial vehicles for underlay cognitive radio systems in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2017 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7996485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2790401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lcomm.2016.2633248"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChallitaU. SaadW. andBettstetterC. Deep reinforcement learning for interference-aware path planning of cellular-connected uavs in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2018 IEEE 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2789293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnet.2016.2623950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShahS. A. W. KhattabT. ShakirM. Z. andHasnaM. O. A distributed approach for networked flying platform association with small cells in 5g+ networks in GLOBECOM 2017-2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference 2017 IEEE 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254852"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaiC.-C. WangL.-C. andHanZ. Data-driven 3d placement of uav base stations for arbitrarily distributed crowds in 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) 2019 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9014210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SunX.andAnsariN. Jointly optimizing drone-mounted base station placement and user association in hetero-geneous networks in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2018 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3003301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TranD.-H. NguyenV.-D. GautamS. ChatzinotasS. VuT. X. andOtterstenB. Resource allocation for uavrelay-assisted iot communication networks in 2020 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps 2020 IEEE 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps50303.2020.9367522"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3001403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","volume-title":"Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice","author":"Rappaport T. S.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","volume-title":"Wireless Communications","author":"Goldsmith A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","unstructured":"EberhartR.andKennedyJ. A new optimizer using particle swarm theory in MHS\u203295. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science 1995 Ieee 39\u201343."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","unstructured":"ShiY.andEberhartR. A modified particle swarm optimizer in 1998 IEEE international conference on evolutionary computation proceedings. IEEE world congress on computational intelligence (Cat. No. 98TH8360) 1998 IEEE 69\u201373."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Interface Technologies for IMT-Advanced","author":"Series M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MozaffariM. SaadW. BennisM. andDebbahM. Drone small cells in the clouds: design deployment and performance analysis in 2015 IEEE global communications conference (GLOBECOM) 2015 IEEE 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2015.7417609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","article-title":"Further advancements for e-utra physical layer aspects","volume":"36","author":"Access E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"3GPP Technical Specification TR"}],"container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2021\/2937224.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2021\/2937224.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/2937224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T11:49:50Z","timestamp":1723031390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/2937224"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dung","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/2937224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/2937224","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-8669","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2937224"}}