{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T17:48:24Z","timestamp":1759772904121,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":308,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1908085MF204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1908085MF204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To measure three\u2010dimensional (3D) forces efficiently and improve the sensitivity of tactile sensors, a novel piezoelectric tactile sensor with a \u201csandwich\u201d structure is proposed in this paper. An array of circular truncated cone\u2010shaped sensitive units made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is sandwiched between two flexible substrates of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Based on the piezoelectric properties of the PVD F sensitive units, finite element modelling and analysis are carried out for the sensor. The relation between the force and the voltage of the sensitive unit is obtained, and a tactile perception model is established. The model can distinguish the sliding direction and identify the material of the slider loaded on the sensor. A backpropagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm is built to predict the 3D forces applied on the tactile sensor model, and the 3D forces are decoupled from the voltages of the sensitive units. The BPNN is further optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA) to improve the accuracy of the 3D force prediction, and fairly good prediction results are obtained. The experimental results show that the novel tactile sensor model can effectively predict the 3D forces, and the BPNN model optimized by the GA can predict the 3D forces with much higher precision, which also improves the intelligence of the sensor. All the prediction results indicate that the BPNN algorithm has very efficient performance in 3D force prediction for the piezoelectric tactile sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3667833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T06:35:09Z","timestamp":1636180509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Modeling Analysis and 3D Force Prediction of a Novel Piezoelectric Tactile Sensor"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1972-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feilu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2679-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rungen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1310-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5216-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanna","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingkun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6664200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.159661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/9\/092001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2008.2008559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3047689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.128814"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/19\/11\/115001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s101110211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8890028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c06977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.2975503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3025830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAE-2012-1573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8825019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3021010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00150193.2020.1735900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.113107","article-title":"Conical shell vibration control with distributed piezoelectric sensor and actuator layer","volume":"256","author":"Jamshidi R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Composite Structures"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2557467"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4048263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.02.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"XuF. 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