{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:05:52Z","timestamp":1774631152830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":248,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKL-QRCM(UM)-2020-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL-QRCM(UM)-2020-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0013\/2019\/AFJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0013\/2019\/AFJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies revealed a cardioprotective potential of <jats:italic>Panax notoginseng<\/jats:italic> to relieve acute myocardial infarction and focal cerebral ischemia\u2010reperfusion. However, whether <jats:italic>P. notoginseng<\/jats:italic> protects endothelial function in diabetes and the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. <jats:italic>P. notoginseng<\/jats:italic> contains several chemical components including saponins, which are commonly believed as the major bioactive ingredients. The present study was aimed to examine and compare the vaso\u2010protective effects of the ethanolic extract of <jats:italic>P. notoginseng<\/jats:italic> (PNE) and total saponin (PNS). Both aortas and carotid arteries were isolated from male C57BL\/6J mice for <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> treatment with risk factors (high glucose or tunicamycin) with and without the presence of PNS and PNE. Diabetic model was established by feeding the mice with a high\u2010fat diet (45% kcal% fat) for 12 weeks, while PNS and PNE were administrated by oral gavage at 20\u2009mg\/kg\/day for another 4 weeks. <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic> exposure to high glucose impaired acetylcholine\u2010induced endothelium\u2010dependent relaxations in mouse aortas, decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS, and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. These effects were reversed by cotreatment of PNS and PNE with PNS being more potent. Furthermore, the vaso\u2010protective effects were abolished by Compound C (AMPK inhibitor). Chronic treatment with PNS and PNE improved endothelium\u2010dependent relaxations and alleviated ER stress and oxidative stress in aortas from high\u2010fat diet\u2010induced obese mice. PNE was more effective to improve glucose sensitivity and normalize blood pressure in diabetic mice. The present results showed that PNS and PNE reduced ER stress and oxidative stress and, subsequently, improved endothelial function in diabetes through AMPK activation. This study provides new inspiration on the therapeutic potential of <jats:italic>P. notoginseng<\/jats:italic> extract against vascular diseases associated with metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4722797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T17:40:43Z","timestamp":1630950043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>Panax Notoginseng<\/i> Protects against Diabetes\u2010Associated Endothelial Dysfunction: Comparison between Ethanolic Extract and Total Saponin"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Xutao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunxiu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingchao","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng Sam","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4355-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai San","family":"Cheang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00531F"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00424-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","article-title":"Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins and major anti-obesity components on weight loss","volume":"11","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10138-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.572304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-014-1954-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.620812"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2018.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","volume-title":"Diet-induced obesity (DIO) produces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in a key brain cardiovascular control region","author":"Ho D. 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