{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T14:59:32Z","timestamp":1784818772924,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections due to extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase- (ESBL-) producing Gram-negative bacteria have led to increased mortality, morbidity, and economic burden worldwide. These bacteria can colonize the healthy intestine of human beings and can disseminate in communities and hospital. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species among health science (HS) and non-health science (NHS) students. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 104 HS and 104 NHS students in which one stool sample from each student was collected and processed for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing according to standard bacteriological procedures. Each morphotype was identified and characterized phenotypically. The antimicrobial sensitivity profile of bacterial isolates was determined by the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion technique. ESBL production was tested by combination disk method as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Out of 208 stool samples, E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were recovered from 203 (86.8%) and 31 (13.2%) stool samples, respectively. Among those 234 isolates, 69 were positive for ESBL which included E. coli (n\u2009=\u200966, 95.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (n\u2009=\u20093, 4.3%). Fifty (42.4%) out of 118 isolates from HS students and 19 (16.4%) out of 116 from NHS students were colonized by ESBL-producers. Compared to non-ESBL producers, a higher number of ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (14.5% vs. 1.8%, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.001<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), cotrimoxazole (59.4% vs. 16.4%, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>&lt;<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.001<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and amikacin (10.1% vs 4.2%, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&lt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.001<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). All E. coli and Klebsiella species isolates were susceptible to meropenem. The prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-producing bacteria was higher in HS students; however, there was a considerable number of these strains colonizing NHS students as well. This \u201ciceberg phenomenon\u201d of asymptomatic carriage of ESBL-producing pathogens might act as a source of infection in both the community and hospitals. Therefore, surveillance of carriage of drug-resistant bacteria should be performed regularly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4767429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T23:50:12Z","timestamp":1618012212000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intestinal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase- (ESBL-) Possessing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species among Nepalese Health Science and Non-Health Science Students"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Bhawana","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, JF Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-155X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Santosh K.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Rajarshi Janak University, Janakpurdham, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunaraj","family":"Dhungana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, JF Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamshul","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College, School of Medicine, Bharatpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3888-7319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shyam K.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-1-39"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.07.001"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01008-08"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2018-000307"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.s156593"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5154217"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00640"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212042"},{"key":"9","volume-title":"Clinical Microbiology Procedure Handbook","author":"H. Isenberg","year":"2007","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"10","volume-title":"Twenty-Sixth Informational Supplement. CLSI Document M100S","author":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","year":"2016","edition":"26th"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800058374"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-53"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01850.x"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0626-z"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-011-0225-2"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12373"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix045"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw283"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5633"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks429"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1471-z"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2014.0031"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh448"},{"key":"24","first-page":"26","article-title":"Fecal carriage of extended spectrum \u03b2 -lactamases (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. producing strains among school children in Pokhara, Nepal","volume":"6","author":"B. P. Baral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nepal Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl199"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjidmm\/2021\/4767429.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjidmm\/2021\/4767429.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjidmm\/2021\/4767429.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T23:50:15Z","timestamp":1618012215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjidmm\/2021\/4767429\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maria","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["4767429","4767429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/4767429","relation":{},"ISSN":["1918-1493","1712-9532"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1918-1493","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1712-9532","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]}}}