{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:04:17Z","timestamp":1777496657483,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2019-05372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-05372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Bone mineral density is widely used by clinicians for screening osteoporosis and assessing bone strength. However, its effectiveness has been reported unsatisfactory. In this study, it is demonstrated that bone organic-inorganic phase ratio is a fundamental determinant of bone material quality measured by stiffness, strength, and toughness. Methods and Results. Two-hundred standard bone specimens were fabricated from bovine legs, with a specialized manufacturing method that was designed to reduce the effect of bone anisotropy. Bone mechanical properties of the specimens, including Young\u2019s modulus, yield stress, peak stress, and energy-to-failure, were measured by mechanical testing. Organic and inorganic mass contents of the specimens were then determined by bone ashing. Bone density and organic-inorganic phase ratio in the specimens were calculated. Statistical methods were applied to study relationships between the measured mechanical properties and the organic-inorganic phase ratios. Statistical characteristics of organic-inorganic phase ratios in the specimens with top material quality were investigated. Bone organic-inorganic phase ratio had strong Spearman correlation with bone material properties. Bone specimens that had the highest material quality had a very narrow scope of organic-inorganic phase ratio, which could be considered as the \u201coptimal\u201d ratio among the tested specimens. Conclusion. Bone organic-inorganic phase ratio is a fundamental determinant of bone material quality. There may exist an \u201coptimal\u201d ratio for the bone to achieve top material quality. Deviation from the \u201coptimal\u201d ratio is probably the fundamental cause of various bone diseases. This study suggests that bone organic-inorganic phase ratio should be considered in clinical assessment of fracture risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4928396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T17:20:09Z","timestamp":1635700809000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bone Organic-Inorganic Phase Ratio Is a Fundamental Determinant of Bone Material Quality"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0271-1319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunhua","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ogheneriobororue","family":"Amromanoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00381-9"},{"key":"2","article-title":"Falls in the elderly","volume":"61","author":"G. 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