{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:28:36Z","timestamp":1774978116869,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rehabilitation Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity in China and around the world. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) effectively mitigates this burden; however, utilization is low. CR barriers in China have not been well characterized; this study sought to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the CR Barriers Scale in Chinese\/Mandarin (CRBS-C\/M). Methods. Independent translations of the 21-item CRBS were conducted by two bilingual health professionals, followed by back-translation. A Delphi process was undertaken with five experts to consider the semantics and cross-cultural relevance of the items. Following finalization, 380 cardiac patients from 11 hospitals in Shanghai were administered a validation survey including the translated CRBS. Following exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency was assessed. Validity was tested through assessing the association of the CRBS-C\/M with the CR Information Awareness Questionnaire. Results. Items were refined and finalized. Factor analysis of CRBS-C\/M (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mtext>Kaiser<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mtext>\u2009<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mtext>Meyer<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mtext>\u2009<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mtext>Olkin<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.867<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, Bartlett\u2019s test <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>&lt;<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.001<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) revealed five factors: perceived CR need, external logistical factors, time conflicts, program and health system-level factors, and comorbidities\/lack of vitality; Cronbach\u2019s alpha (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>\u03b1<\/e:mi>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) of the subscales ranged from 0.67 to 0.82. The mean total CRBS score was significantly lower in patients who participated in CR compared with those who did not, demonstrating criterion validity (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mn>2.35<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mo>\u00b1<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.71<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> vs. <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mn>3.08<\/i:mn>\n                        <i:mo>\u00b1<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.55<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>p<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mo>&lt;<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>0.001<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Construct validity was supported by the significant associations between total CRBS scores and CR awareness, sex, living situation, city size, income, diagnosis\/procedure, disease severity, and several risk factors (all <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>p<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>&lt;<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.05<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Conclusions. CRBS-C\/M is reliable and valid, so barriers can be identified and mitigated in Mandarin-speaking patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5511426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T17:05:08Z","timestamp":1624035908000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Validation of the Chinese\/Mandarin Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale (CRBS-C\/M)"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Nursing, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeleke","family":"Fowokan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE & Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7063-3610","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sherry L.","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE & Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Sixth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Nursing, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.009"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0828-282X(09)70098-4"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008720"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"World Health OrganizationAlwanA.Burden: mortality, morbidity and risk factorsGlobal Status Report on Non-communicable Diseases 20102010GenevaWorld Health Organization"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.0295"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5000"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120514"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.01.036"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.06.064"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711409326"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.06.007"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.06.006"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.09.004"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2009.02876.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1016"},{"issue":"9","key":"17","first-page":"62","article-title":"The rehabilitation compliance of patients with acute myocardial infarction and its influence factors","volume":"11","author":"S. 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