{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:53:43Z","timestamp":1781016823197,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial finger joint design has been developed through different stages through the past. PIP (proximal interphalangeal) and MCP (metacarpophalangeal) artificial finger joints have come to replace the amputation and arthrodesis options; although, these artificial joints are still facing challenges related to reactive tissues, reduced range of motion, and flexion and extension deficits. Swanson silicone artificial finger joints are still common due to the physician\u2019s preferability of silicone with the dorsal approach during operation. Nevertheless, other artificial finger joints such as the pyrocarbon implant arthroplasty have also drawn the interests of practitioners. Artificial finger joint has been classified under three major categories which are constrained, unconstrained, and linked design. There are also challenges such as concerns of infections and articular cartilage necrosis associated with attempted retention of vascularity. In addition, one of the main challenges facing the silicone artificial finger joints is the fracture occurring at the distal stem with the hinge. The aim of this paper is to review the different artificial finger joints in one paper as there are few old review papers about them. Further studies need to be done to develop the design and materials of the pyrocarbon and silicone implants to increase the range of motion associated with them and the fatigue life of the silicone implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5534796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T18:39:39Z","timestamp":1622831979000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Silicone and Pyrocarbon Artificial Finger Joints"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0397-1075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"F. A.","family":"Alnaimat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Engineering, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Saro, Al-Salt, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. A.","family":"Owida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Engineering, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Saro, Al-Salt, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Al Sharah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Saro, Al-Salt, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Alhaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Saro, Al-Salt, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Saro, Al-Salt, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"77","article-title":"A brief history of finger arthroplasty","volume":"9","author":"R. A. Berger","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2014.03.011"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2003.50084"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835520500058"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180042"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2017.12.014"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000733"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants3020244"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.85353"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717744337"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.11.015"},{"issue":"6","key":"12","first-page":"309","article-title":"Bunnell's surgery of the hand","volume":"50","author":"J. H. Boyes","year":"1971","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2010.01.003"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-47683-4_9"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195436050-00003"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-011-1413-3"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.09.004"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.02.048"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-007-9055-1"},{"key":"20","first-page":"79","article-title":"Vitallium cup arthroplasty of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of fingers","volume":"1","author":"M. S. Burman","year":"1940","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2080-5"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-195007000-00020"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-195908000-00022"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196143050-00011"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90113-5"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(89)90115-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0072-968X(72)90030-7","article-title":"Flexible implant resection arthroplasty","volume":"4","author":"A. B. Swanson","year":"1972","journal-title":"The Hand"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)38639-X"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30835-X"},{"key":"30","first-page":"47","article-title":"Finger joint replacement by silicone rubber implants and the concept of implant fixation by encapsulation","volume":"28","author":"A. Swanson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annals of the rheumatic diseases"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.03.008"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.4166"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6555-0_8","article-title":"The silicones as tools in biological engineering","volume-title":"Biomaterials","author":"S. Braley","year":"1965"},{"key":"34","first-page":"156","article-title":"Silicones and their application as implant materials","volume":"2","author":"A. Roberts","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bio-Medical Engineering"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(85)80154-4"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199709000-00005","article-title":"Use of grommets for flexible implant resection arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joint","volume":"342","author":"A. B. Swanson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/JHSB.1999.0240"},{"key":"38","article-title":"Flexible implant arthroplasty of the radiocarpal joint","volume-title":"Seminars in arthroplasty","author":"A. Swanson","year":"1991"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198407000-00013","article-title":"Flexible implant arthroplasty of the radiocarpal joint surgical technique and long-term study","volume":"187","author":"A. B. Swanson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199709000-00011","article-title":"Experience of total wrist arthroplasty with silastic implants plus grommets","volume":"342","author":"M. I. Rossello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical orthopaedics and related research"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199509000-00020"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197301000-00042"},{"issue":"3","key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0307-742X(21)00526-9","article-title":"Flexible implant arthroplasty in the rheumatoid metacarpophalangeal joint","volume":"10","author":"A. Swanson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clinics in rheumatic diseases"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(79)80002-7"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199709000-00004","article-title":"Silastic metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"342","author":"H. Gellman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678609000887"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.37.3.255"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820060404"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810402000881"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00536-9"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(86)80002-8"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80104-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B2.25150","article-title":"Early metallosis-related failure after total knee replacement: a report of 15 cases","volume":"93","author":"C. Willis-Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200902000-00003"},{"issue":"8","key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B8.21701","article-title":"Early clinical failure of the Birmingham metal-on-metal hip resurfacing is associated with metallosis and soft-tissue necrosis","volume":"91","author":"B. Ollivere","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200004000-00002"},{"issue":"6","key":"57","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Loosening and osteolysis associated with metal-on-metal bearings: a local effect of metal hypersensitivity?","volume":"88","author":"J. J. Jacobs","year":"2006","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08161.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"59","first-page":"753","article-title":"Metallosis in revision total elbow arthroplasty. Complications and staging method","volume":"74","author":"I. Degreef","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta orthopaedica belgica"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsb.2003.09.013"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-009-9201-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"62","first-page":"E42","article-title":"Failed first metatarsophalangeal arthroplasty salvaged by hamstring interposition arthroplasty: metallic debris from grommets","volume":"37","author":"K. V. Voellmicke","year":"2008","journal-title":"The American Journal of Orthopedics"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-012-9401-9"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/095441105X9192"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.03.033"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-014-0605-4"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.main.2014.07.004"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80070-X"},{"key":"69","article-title":"Proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty: the volar approach","volume-title":"Seminars in arthroplasty","author":"L. H. Schneider","year":"1991"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.2.160041"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-9053(88)80061-9"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.06.006"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.11.005"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200002000-00016","article-title":"Palmar approach in flexible implant arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint","volume":"371","author":"D. B. Herren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/JHSB.1999.0257"},{"key":"76","first-page":"79","article-title":"Arthroplasty with silicone implant in post traumatic lesions of the proximal interphalangeal joint","volume":"33","author":"J. Silva","year":"1998","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia"},{"key":"77","first-page":"85","article-title":"Proximal interphalangeal joint implant arthroplasty for degenerative or post-traumatic arthristis","volume":"2","author":"B. Cesari","year":"1997","journal-title":"MAIN-PARIS-"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90096-A"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.04.013"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193411413851"},{"issue":"3","key":"81","first-page":"156","article-title":"Proximal interphalangeal joint silicone arthroplasty--comparison of Swanson and NeuFlex implants using a new evaluation score","volume":"41","author":"A. Stahlenbrecher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handchirurgie, Mikrochirurgie, plastische Chirurgie: Organ der Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Handchirurgie: Organ der Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Mikrochirurgie der Peripheren Nerven und Gefasse: Organ der V"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.jhsu24a0073"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857098474.2.81"},{"key":"84","article-title":"Total joint arthroplasty. The hand","volume-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings","author":"R. Linscheid","year":"1979"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(97)80165-7"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.01.030"},{"issue":"9","key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565. e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.06.008","article-title":"Surface replacement arthroplasty of the proximal interphalangeal joint using the PIP-SRA implant: results, complications, and revisions","volume":"33","author":"C. D. Jennings","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of hand surgery"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193415614251"},{"issue":"6","key":"89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pyrocarbon finger joint implant: an evidence-based analysis","volume":"4","author":"Medical Advisory Secretariat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ontario health technology assessment series"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944718760035"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/PIME_PROC_1993_207_297_02"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.02.012"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181a2059b"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31824a2e38"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00832"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.04.006"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182729f27"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193411434053"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(03)00147-5"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193409341105"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5862"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23320885.2018.1509717"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.06.104"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03310-5","article-title":"Reconstruction of finger joints using autologous rib perichondrium\u2013an observational study at a single centre with a median follow-up of 37 years","volume":"21","author":"D. Muder","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199606000-00010"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28579-5_12","article-title":"Joint replacement arthroplasty: is it ever indicated in PIP joint fracture-dislocations?","volume-title":"PIP Joint Fracture Dislocations","author":"H. Baltzer","year":"2016"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.11.002"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-007-0031-4"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(54)90339-6"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196704000-00001"},{"issue":"2","key":"111","first-page":"124","article-title":"The transfer from toe in reconstructive surgery of the hand : about seventy cases toe-to-hand transfers in reconstructive surgery of the hand : experience with seventy-one cases (In French)","volume":"3","author":"G. Foucher","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annales de chirurgie de la main: organe officiel des societes de chirurgie de la main"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(82)80078-6"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(84)80002-7"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(84)80054-4"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(85)80026-7"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003153"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2003.50087"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(82)80140-8"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-46326-9_12"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199612000-00025"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31816aa0b3"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.2000.0566"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193417714207"},{"key":"124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31817e5c90"},{"issue":"8","key":"125","first-page":"797","article-title":"Clinical observation of traumatically-damaged joint after its repair with transplantation of allogenic joint","volume":"21","author":"M. Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi= Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi= Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery"}],"container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/abb\/2021\/5534796.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/abb\/2021\/5534796.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/abb\/2021\/5534796.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T23:10:36Z","timestamp":1672355436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/abb\/2021\/5534796\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Prados-Frutos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["5534796","5534796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5534796","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2103","1176-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1176-2322","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]}}}