{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:40:43Z","timestamp":1747190443330,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIH\/NIEHS 1R01ES024745","CDC\/ATSDR R01TS000288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH\/NIEHS 1R01ES024745","CDC\/ATSDR R01TS000288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parkinson's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease likely caused by complex interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. Exposure to pesticides, toxic metals, solvents, and history of traumatic brain injury have been implicated as environmental risk factors for PD, underscoring the importance of identifying risk factors associated with PD across different communities. Methods. We conducted a questionnaire-based case-control study in a rural area on the New Hampshire\/Vermont border, enrolling PD patients and age- and sex-matched controls from the general population between 2017 and 2020. We assessed frequent participation in a variety of recreational and occupational activities and surveyed potential chemical exposures. Results. Suffering from \u201chead trauma or a concussion\u201d prior to diagnosis was associated with a fourfold increased risk of PD. Adjustment for head trauma negated any risk of participation in \u201cstrenuous athletic activities.\u201d We observed a 2.7-fold increased risk of PD associated with activities involving lead (adjusted <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.038<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Conclusion. Implicating these factors in PD risk favors public health efforts in exposure mitigation while also motivating future work mechanisms and intervention opportunities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5541760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T00:22:07Z","timestamp":1625271727000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lifestyle Factors and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Risk in a Rural New England Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3731-5300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angeline S.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faith L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharine M.","family":"Von Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Havrda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Rubin Building, Lebanon, NH, 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intoxication with lead- and sulfur compounds may produce Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"R. 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