{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:03:35Z","timestamp":1792008215208,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011893","name":"Pan American Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project Research for Universal Health System","award":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/110.296\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advances in Preventive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The main volatile organic compounds found at gasoline stations are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX). They cause several harmful effects on human health. Regulatory Norm 7 (1978) provides that, in Brazil, biological monitoring of toluene and xylene is carried out by measuring the urinary metabolites hippuric acid (HA) and methylhippuric acid (MHA), respectively. The objective of this study was to assess the exposure to toluene and xylene and to identify related signs and symptoms in gasoline station workers. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with workers occupationally exposed to fuels. These gasoline station workers were divided into two groups: 94 workers exposed mainly by inhalation (convenience store workers (CSWs)) and 181 workers exposed by inhalation and dermal route (filling station attendants (FSAs)). A comparison group was formed by 119 workers not occupationally exposed to fuels (office workers (OWs)). Workers exposed to fuels had higher average levels of these exposure biomarkers (HA and MHA), which were also higher in convenience store workers than in filling station attendants. In addition, individuals exposed to the solvents present in gasoline had altered mood\/depression, cramps, dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, irritability\/nervousness, weakness, weight loss, and other symptoms more frequently and had higher urinary levels of HA and MHA compared to the comparison group. Gasoline station workers showed high levels of HA and MHA, reflecting high occupational exposure to the solvents toluene and xylene present in gasoline, demonstrating that changes in the current legislation and in the work environment are necessary to ensure better health protection for these workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5553633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:05:06Z","timestamp":1621555506000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Evaluation of Exposure to Toluene and Xylene in Gasoline Station Workers"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7061-1574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara R.","family":"Geraldino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rua Frei Caneca 94, 4\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6287-4748","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafaella F. N.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rua Frei Caneca 94, 4\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0837-6283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juliana B.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rua Frei Caneca 94, 4\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8121-8700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katia S.","family":"da Po\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rua Frei Caneca 94, 4\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9815-1832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabela","family":"Giardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rua Frei Caneca 94, 4\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-5370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula V. B.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rua Frei Caneca 94, 4\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9904-2865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helen P.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-2410","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ubirani B.","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8976-4653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcia","family":"Sarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, Prevention and Surveillance Coordination, National Cancer Institute Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rua Marqu\u00eas de Pombal 125, 5\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Rua Frei Caneca 94, 4\u00ba Andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-040, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o CONAMA n\u00ba 273, De 29 de novembro de 2000. Estabelece diretrizes para o licenciamento ambiental de postos de combust\u00edveis e servi\u00e7os e disp\u00f5e sobre a preven\u00e7\u00e3o e controle da polui\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2019"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2002.10470803"},{"key":"3","volume-title":"Estat\u00edsticas: frota por combust\u00edvel, janeiro de 2019, todos os munic\u00edpios","author":"R. J. Detran","year":"2019"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Modelo de gest\u00e3o da qualidade do ar\u2013abordagem preventiva e corretiva","author":"P. M. P. S. Cavalcanti","year":"2010"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meh083"},{"key":"6","volume-title":"IARC Monographs Volume 120: Benzene","author":"IARC. International Agency of Research on Cancer","year":"2018"},{"key":"7","volume-title":"Chemical Agents and Related Occupations: A Review of Human Carcinogens, v. 100F","author":"IARC. International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2012"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0034-89101994000200011"},{"key":"9","volume-title":"For Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Toluene","author":"ATSDR. Agency","year":"2017"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"BernardiA. P. A.Trabalhadores expostos simultaneamente a ru\u00eddo e tolueno: estudo das emiss\u00f5es otoac\u00fasticas evocadas transit\u00f3rias e efeito de supress\u00e3o2000S\u00e3o Paulo-SP, BrazilUniversidade de S\u00e3o Paulo[Master\u2019s thesis] Faculdade de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"11","volume-title":"Fundamentos de Toxicologia. 2\u00ba edi\u00e7\u00e3o","author":"S. Oga","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"12","first-page":"122","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da atividade funcional dos fag\u00f3citos em indiv\u00edduos expostos ocupacionalmente ou n\u00e3o ao xilol","volume":"2","author":"C. S. Moraes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revista Eletronica de Farmacia"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029400169711"},{"key":"14","volume-title":"Toxicological Review of Toluene. Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)","author":"EPA. United State Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2005"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.39.206"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17179\/excli2015-623"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5327\/z1679443520190382"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-007-0210-3"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-007-0233-9"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2008.12.005"},{"key":"21","volume-title":"Aprova as Normas Regulamentadoras-NR-do Cap\u00edtulo V, T\u00edtulo II, da Consolida\u00e7\u00e3o das Leis do Trabalho, relativas a Seguran\u00e7a e Medicina do Trabalho","author":"Minist\u00e9rio do Trabalho. Portaria n.\u00ba 3.214, de 8 de junho de 1978","year":"1978"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-311x2001000300010"},{"key":"23","volume-title":"Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1999-2000","year":"1999"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm1.1886.10.5.391"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01688641"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"CamposA. G.An\u00e1lise da atividade do frentista diante do perigo da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao benzeno2017[Master\u2019s thesis]\u2013Instituto Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 2017. 94 f. Recife"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-07072014000100023"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890009603417"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155295"},{"key":"30","volume-title":"Toxicologia Ocupacional","author":"O. R. Michel","year":"2000"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-4120(86)90046-2"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0048-9697(00)00766-x"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0034-89102002000700010"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326x16689408"},{"key":"35","first-page":"57","article-title":"Exposi\u00e7\u00e3o profissional e Fatores individuais que condicionam a elimina\u00e7\u00e3o urin\u00e1ria de \u00e1cido hippurico","volume":"16","author":"P. Bazzano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro"},{"key":"36","volume-title":"Manual de orienta\u00e7\u00e3o sobre controle m\u00e9dico ocupacional da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o a subst\u00e2ncias qu\u00edmicas","author":"J. T. Buschinelli","year":"2014"},{"key":"37","volume-title":"Determina\u00e7\u00e3o simult\u00e2nea dos \u00e1cidos hip\u00farico e metil hip\u00farico urin\u00e1rios por cromatografia gasosa visando a biomonitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de trabalhadores expostos por tolueno e ao xileno. [master\u2019s thesis]. -Programa de p\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Farm\u00e1cia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas","author":"A. F. Santos","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"38","first-page":"163","article-title":"Interfer\u00eancia do consumo de chimarr\u00e3o nos n\u00edveis de \u00e1cido hip\u00farico urin\u00e1rio","volume":"38","author":"E. P. Fonseca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista brasileira de an\u00e1lises cl\u00ednicas"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0956-7135(01)00084-6"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/22.6.460"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2514"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/26.5.262"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.75.6.663"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-40422008000700045"},{"key":"45","volume-title":"PubChem Compound Summary for CID 1140, Toluene","year":"2020"},{"key":"46","volume-title":"Toxic Substances Portal\u2013Xylenes","year":"2020"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050196"},{"key":"48","volume-title":"Biological Exposure Index (BEI)-Review","author":"K. L. Nuttall","year":"2018"},{"key":"49","volume-title":"Surface Contaminants, Skin Exposure. Section II: Chapter 2-Biological Monitoring and Other Analyses","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA","year":"2014"},{"key":"50","volume-title":"Portaria n.\u00ba 6.734, de 9 de mar\u00e7o de 2020. Aprova a nova reda\u00e7\u00e3o da Norma Regulamentadora n\u00ba 07-Programa de Controle M\u00e9dico de Sa\u00fade Ocupacional - PCMSO. Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o, Poder Executivo","author":"Minist\u00e9rio da Economia\/Secretaria Especial de Previd\u00eancia e Trabalho","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Advances in Preventive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/apm\/2021\/5553633.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/apm\/2021\/5553633.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/apm\/2021\/5553633.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:05:23Z","timestamp":1621555523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/apm\/2021\/5553633\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Diego A. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["5553633","5553633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5553633","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-3499","2090-3480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-3499","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-3480","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]}}}