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To address these problems, this paper presents an optical character recognition system for the recognition of offline Pashto characters. The problem of the unavailability of a standard handwritten Pashto characters database is addressed by developing a medium\u2010sized database of offline Pashto characters. This database consists of 11352 character images (258 samples for each 44 characters in a Pashto script). Enriched feature extraction techniques of histogram of oriented gradients and zoning\u2010based density features are used for feature extraction of carved Pashto characters. <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\u2010nearest neighbors is considered as a classification tool for the proposed algorithm based on the proposed feature sets. A resultant accuracy of 80.34% is calculated for the histogram of oriented gradients, while for zoning\u2010based density features, 76.42% is achieved using 10\u2010fold cross validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5558373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:05:07Z","timestamp":1616630707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Isolated Handwritten Pashto Character Recognition Using a <i>K<\/i>\u2010NN Classification Tool based on Zoning and HOG Feature Extraction Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6216-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ihtisham Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chaolan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2562-3477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulaiman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0126-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shah","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Imtiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020294020964826"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8694796"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2019.11.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4579495"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2020.106906"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2021.013878"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9781\/ijimai.2017.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.02.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","article-title":"Pashto isolated character recognition using K-nn classifier","volume":"45","author":"Ahmad N.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-016-9169-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Isolated Persian\/Arabic handwriting characters: derivative projection profile features, implemented on GPUs","volume":"4","author":"Askari M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of AI and Data Mining"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Arabic handwritten characters recognition using convolutional neural network","volume":"5","author":"El-Sawy A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"WSEAS Transactions on Computer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BoufenarC.andBatoucheM. 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