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Ectoine is a bacterial\u2010derived extremolyte with an ability to protect proteins and biological membranes against damage caused by extreme conditions of salinity, drought, irradiation, pH, and temperature. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies attests its effectiveness in the treatment of several inflammatory diseases, including allergic rhinitis. In this review, we analyzed 14 recent clinical trials investigating ectoine nasal spray in patients with allergic rhinitis and\/or conjunctivitis, including sensitive patient groups like children or pregnant women. Some studies investigated monotherapy with ectoine; others investigated combination therapy of ectoine and an antihistamine or a corticosteroid. Analysis of the study results demonstrated that patients with mild\u2010to\u2010moderate symptoms of allergic rhinitis can be successfully treated with ectoine\u2010containing nasal spray. When applied as monotherapy, ectoine exerted noninferior effects compared to first\u2010line therapies such as antihistamines and cromoglicic acid. Using ectoine as an add\u2010on therapy to antihistamines or intranasal glucocorticosteroids accelerated symptom relief by days and improved the level of symptom relief. Importantly, concomitant treatment with ectoine was proven beneficial in a group of difficult\u2010to\u2010treat patients suffering from moderate\u2010to\u2010severe rhinitis symptoms. Taken together, the natural substance ectoine represents a viable alternative for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis patients who wish to avoid local reactions and side effects associated with pharmacological therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5562623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T01:55:43Z","timestamp":1622598943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Effectiveness of the Bacteria Derived Extremolyte Ectoine for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bilstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Werkh\u00e4user","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rybachuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1928-810X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"M\u00f6sges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/aiht-2016-67-2837"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0553-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31434"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9629(96)00275-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(85)83932-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.5b09506"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2011.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986612801619570"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9040177"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-015-0093-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-48"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2010.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200812-1911OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/708458"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00132211"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351381"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-4060-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05324-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7945091"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7150942"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/273219"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40487-018-0060-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S115061"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23812\/19-387-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_2","volume-title":"Retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy on vernal kerat-conjunctivis (VKC) of 2% ectoine versus 0, 05% ketofinen eye drops","author":"Allegri P.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_2","unstructured":"PawankarR. 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