{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:05:44Z","timestamp":1770138344279,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The majority of people practicing open defecation and utilizing unhealthy sanitation facilities are in the developing world. The utilization of unimproved sanitation facilities remains the primary risk factor for many diseases, including nutritional diseases, diarrheal diseases, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery, particularly among children. Objectives. This study was carried out to assess the availability of improved sanitation facilities and factors associated with it in the 12th district of Kandahar city, Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. Methods. The study is a cross-sectional survey, conducted between September and October 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to gather self-reported information of the respondents, including sociodemographic information, household characteristics, and behavioral and environmental characteristics of the available sanitation facilities. Factors associated with the availability of the improved sanitation facility were determined using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results. In this study, the availability of improved sanitation facilities was 85.7% (95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u200977.6%\u201392.1%). It was significantly influenced by living in a private house (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u2009=\u20092.99 (95% CI; 1.43\u20136.26)); inside location of latrine (AOR\u2009=\u200914.31 (95% CI; 3.59\u201356.99)); individual household latrine (AOR\u2009=\u20092.03 (1.04\u20133.95)); and the number of latrines in the household (AOR\u2009=\u20095.04 (2.45\u201310.35)). Conclusion. The availability of improved sanitation facilities was higher compared to the national level in the study area. This study provides significant evidence on approaches in line with the World Health Organization\u2019s (WHO) Joint Monitoring Program and Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs) for enhancing the availability of improved sanitation facilities in Kandahar city.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5569582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T14:35:08Z","timestamp":1630938908000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Availability of Improved Sanitation Facilities and Its Associated Factors in the 12th District of Kandahar City, Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Esmat Ullah","family":"Muslim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Public Health Program, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2757-1965","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Haroon","family":"Stanikzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Public Health Program, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan"},{"name":"Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Wahed","family":"Wasiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Public Health Program, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Public Health Program, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan"},{"name":"Clinic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mirwais Neka Institute of Higher Education, Kandahar, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadia","family":"Sayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Malalay Institute of Higher Education, Kandahar, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water\u20142015 Update and MDG Assessment","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2015"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12329"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001644"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000367"},{"key":"5","volume-title":"The WHO\/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme Estimates on WASH","author":"WHO\/UNICEF","year":"2020"},{"key":"6","volume-title":"Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015","author":"Central Statistics Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.07.001"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0578"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5287-y"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4717-6"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.009"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.ijph_416_19"},{"key":"13","volume-title":"Global SDG Indicators Database","author":"SDG Indicators","year":"2015"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2021.28.2.2"},{"key":"15","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0","author":"International Business Machines Corporation","year":"2012"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1789-3"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12394"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103886"},{"issue":"2","key":"19","first-page":"220","article-title":"Safe drinking water and sanitary measures: a cross-sectional study in peri-urban community of Islamabad","volume":"67","author":"H. 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