{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:14:59Z","timestamp":1784304899553,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006378","name":"Universitas Indonesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PITTA\/214\/FK\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PITTA\/214\/FK\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system which often involves the optic nerve even though only 20% of the patients experience optic neuritis (ON). Objective. This study aims to compare the retinal structure and optic nerve function between patients with MS and healthy controls (HCs), evaluate optic nerve alterations in MS over 1-year follow-up, and analyze its correlations with disease duration, number of relapses, degree of disability, and different subtypes. Methods. This is a prospective cohort study involving 58 eyes of MS patients. Optic nerve function was evaluated with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, and P100 latency, while the retinal structure was evaluated from the GCIPL and RNFL thickness measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus photography. Results. The MS group had lower BCVA (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.001<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), contrast sensitivity (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>&lt;<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.001<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), mean GCIPL thickness (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&lt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.001<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and mean RNFL thickness (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>p<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>&lt;<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.001<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) than HC. At 6 and 12 months of observations, GCIPL and RNFL (nasal quadrant) of MS patients decreased significantly (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>p<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.007<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>p<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mo>=<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>0.004<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, respectively). Disease duration and the number of relapses correlated with delayed P100 latency (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.61, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>p<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>&lt;<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.001<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> and r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.46, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mi>p<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mo>=<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>0.02<\/o:mn>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). GCIPL and RNFL in the SPMS subtype were thinner than in RRMS. Conclusions. The retinal structure and optic nerve function of MS patients are worse than those of normal individuals. GCIPL and RNFL thinning occurs at 6 and 12 months but do not correlate with disease duration, the number of relapses, and degree of disability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5573839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T23:06:39Z","timestamp":1623971199000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of Retinal Structure and Optic Nerve Function Changes in Multiple Sclerosis: Longitudinal Study with 1-Year Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1982-8716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Riwanti","family":"Estiasari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adisresti","family":"Diwyacitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sidik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophtalmology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ni Nengah","family":"Rida Ariarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Sitorus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saraf Shafa","family":"Marwadhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kartika","family":"Maharani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darma","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza Aditya","family":"Arpandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pangeran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfaluthy","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000444019"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.08.030"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1019126"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.11.010"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0123-z"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/134858"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq346"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icu.0b013e32835f8bf8"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514567216"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/472790"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2012.00706.x"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e3181dbb664"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr264"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033907"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/cpj.0000000000000187"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20851"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2015.11.3.241"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511418630"},{"issue":"4","key":"19","first-page":"37","article-title":"Visual evoked potential study in multiple sclerosis disease","volume":"21","author":"D. 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