{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T03:23:19Z","timestamp":1768447399412,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the exponential growth in technologies for the vehicular Internet of things applications and high demands for autonomous road vehicles, future transportation systems are projected to be revolutionized on a global scale. This new landscape requires a stable, flexible, and business-friendly base of connectivity, networking, and computing technology, in which Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can play an important role. A UAV-enabled Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) can provide a cost-effective communication solution to improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system, particularly if the data traffic is nonhomogeneous and nonstationary. Typically, wireless is the communication medium between vehicles and UAVs in an ITS setting, which is based on the IEEE802.11p MAC protocol adopted by car manufactures. However, the IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol is modified solely for omnidirectional antennas, which restricts network coverage, delay, and throughput. In comparison, the directional antenna has greater network coverage, spatial reuse, and bandwidth. In addition, a multiaccess edge computing (MEC) facility at the backhaul link will provide ultralow latency and high bandwidth services to meet the increasingly growing demand for latency-sensitive vehicle applications such as vehicular video data analytics, autonomous driving, and intelligent navigation. Therefore, this article aims to propose a novel dual-mode MAC protocol that can work in two antenna modes, i.e., directional and omnidirectional. For modeling and simulation purposes, we use the Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET) and aim to seek an evaluation with respect to throughput, media access delay, and retransmission attempts. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5578490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T01:36:49Z","timestamp":1613525809000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Dual-Mode Medium Access Control Mechanism for UAV-Enabled Intelligent Transportation System"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-898X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Asghar","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, ISRA University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanweer Ahmad","family":"Cheema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, ISRA University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Insaf","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fazal","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 400411, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajjad Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Namal Institute, Mianwali, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ateeq Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, AWKUM Shankar Campus, Mardan, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Adnan","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, ISRA University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","article-title":"Efficient v2v communication scheme for 5\u2009g mmwave hyper-connected cars","author":"I. Mavromatis"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2017.2670178"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.2017.1601183"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.2017.1600238cm"},{"key":"5","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted vehicular networks","author":"M. Zhu","year":"2019"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan9020022"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2019.01.007"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.06.011"},{"key":"9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inertial attitude and position reference system development for a small UAV","author":"D. Jung"},{"key":"10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using switched beam smart antennas in wireless ad hoc networks with angular MAC protocol","author":"E. Ulukan"},{"key":"11","first-page":"598","article-title":"Adaptive MAC protocol for UAV communication networks using directional antennas","author":"A. I. Alshbatat"},{"key":"12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Airborne surveillance networks with directional antennas","author":"W. Huba"},{"key":"13","first-page":"185","article-title":"Scalability analysis of flying ad hoc networks (FANETs): a directional antenna approach","author":"S. Temel"},{"key":"14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Directional antennas in FANETs: a performance analysis of routing protocols","author":"J.-D. M. M. Biomo"},{"key":"15","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the performance of flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) with directional antennas","author":"M. A. Khan"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12060878"},{"key":"17","volume-title":"IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2013Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013specific Requirements\u2013Part Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments; IEEE Std 802.11p-2010 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11-2007 as Amended by IEEE Std 802.11k-2008, IEEE Std 802.11r-2008, IEEE Std 802.11y-2008, IEEE Std 802.11n-2009, and IEEE Std 802.11w-2009)","author":"IEEE","year":"2010"},{"key":"18","first-page":"109","article-title":"Performance comparison between IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2V in-coverage and out-of-coverage for cooperative awareness","author":"G. Cecchini"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.01.014"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.08.026"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.443"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.08.025"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2017.2750803"},{"key":"24","first-page":"53","article-title":"A group mobility model for ad hoc wireless network","author":"H. Hong"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103571"},{"key":"26","first-page":"25","article-title":"A BIBD based MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks with directional antennas","author":"G. Boggia"},{"key":"27"}],"container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/5578490.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/5578490.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/5578490.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T01:36:56Z","timestamp":1613525816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/5578490\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["5578490","5578490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5578490","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-905X","1574-017X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-905X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1574-017X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]}}}