{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:34:42Z","timestamp":1778340882299,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Grewia asiatica Linn, or phalsa, is a commonly consumed fruit in Pakistan. The fruit is employed in the traditional medicine practice of Pakistan as a smooth muscle relaxant in different gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular diseases. In this investigation, we show the antispasmodic and vasorelaxant actions of Grewia asiatica fruit extract. Methods. A 70% methanolic crude extract of the plant material was prepared (Ga.Cr). Different isolated GI tissue preparations and endothelium-intact aortas from rats were utilized to observe the pharmacological actions of the extract. Results. Ga.Cr, in increasing concentrations, inhibited the spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum. In an effort to determine the mechanism of this relaxant action, contractions were induced in jejunum and ileum tissues with K+ (80\u2009mM). Ga.Cr was able to only partially inhibit these induced contractions indicating that the mechanism might not be completely through a blockade of Ca2+ channels (CCB). When tested on low K+-(25\u2009mM) sustained contractions, Ga.Cr cumulatively suppressed these contractions (0.1\u201310\u2009mg\/ml), indicating an opening of K+ channels (KCO) as the mechanism. Cromakalim, a standard KCO, was also more specific in blocking low K+-induced contractions. For the effect in aorta tissues, Ga.Cr suppressed the agonist-induced contractions from 0.3\u2009mg\/ml to 10\u2009mg\/ml. Upon challenge with L-NAME, a nitric oxide (NO) blocker, the extract response curve shifted right, indicating vasodilation was mediated via endothelial NO. Conclusion. This study shows that GI antispasmodic and vasodilator activities of Ga.Cr may be mediated via a KCO mechanism in the GI tract and through the release of NO from vascular endothelium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5583372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T22:20:32Z","timestamp":1631571632000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spasmolytic Effect of Grewia asiatica Fruit Extract on Isolated Smooth Muscles is Mediated via Multiple Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0210-5108","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Nabeel","family":"Ghayur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Sind, Pakistan"},{"name":"Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville 41501, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Sind, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6477-2227","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anwarul Hassan","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Sind, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Indian Materia Medica","author":"A. K. Nadkarni","year":"2000"},{"key":"2","article-title":"Phalsa","volume-title":"Fruits of Warm Climates","author":"J. F. Morton","year":"1987"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18032663"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.587367"},{"key":"5","first-page":"289","article-title":"Effect of Grewia asiatica, Gossypium herbacium and Gymnema sylvestre on blood glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in normoglycemic and alloxan diabetic rabbits","volume":"38","author":"I. A. Dogar","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"6","first-page":"85","article-title":"Effect of Grewia asiatica fruit on glycaemic index and phagocytosis tested in healthy human subjects","volume":"26","author":"M. A. Mesaik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/549743"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1276-9"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0257-7941.122998"},{"key":"10","first-page":"983","article-title":"Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Grewia asiatica fruit extracts in albino mice","volume":"73","author":"B. Akhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica"},{"key":"11","first-page":"669","article-title":"Report: studies on antibacterial activity of some traditional medicinal plants used in folk medicine","volume":"25","author":"F. Israr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573406411666151030110530"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179155"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-04092-y"},{"key":"15","first-page":"249","article-title":"Pharmacognostical evaluation of Grewia asiatica fruits","volume":"1","author":"M. K. Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Plant Sciences"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.03.035"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1986.tb09476.x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(92)90094-z"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.06.038"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/288373a0"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200501000-00013"},{"key":"22","volume-title":"Experiments on Isolated Smooth Muscle Preparations","author":"R. Blattner","year":"1978"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.064"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(89)80003-3","article-title":"Moving together: K+ channel openers and ATP sensitive K+ channels","volume":"10","author":"U. Quest","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(92)90659-7"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90797-8"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x(88)90184-2"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.17.040177.001053"},{"key":"29","volume-title":"Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda","author":"P. C. Sharma","year":"2008"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jbr-190459"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-3623(97)00002-5"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957876"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02993965"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_507.x"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1996.76.4.967"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.82.12.1323"}],"container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2021\/5583372.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2021\/5583372.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2021\/5583372.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T22:20:39Z","timestamp":1631571639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2021\/5583372\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Walter Antonio","family":"Roman Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["5583372","5583372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5583372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-4288","1741-427X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-4288","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1741-427X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]}}}