{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:27:30Z","timestamp":1778167650233,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":214,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The need for smart e\u2010learning environments is resulting in new challenges for researchers and practitioners to develop intelligent systems that can be used to automate the Higher Education (HE) activities in an intelligent way. Some common examples of such activities are \u201canalyzing, finding, and ranking the right resource to teach a course,\u201d \u201canalyzing and finding the people with common research interests to start joint research projects,\u201d and \u201cusing data analytics and machine reasoning techniques for conducting the exams with different levels of complexities.\u201d Ontological reasoning and smart data analytics can play an important role in analyzing and automating these HE activities and processes. In this paper, we present a framework named as Higher Education Activities and Processes Automation Framework (HEAPAF). The HEAPAF framework can be used to identify, extract, process, and produce the semantically enriched data in machine understandable format from different educational resources. We also present the Higher Education Ontology (HEO) that we designed and developed to accommodate the HE data and then to perform analysis and reasoning on it. As a proof of concept, we present a case study on the topic, \u201canalyzing, finding, and ranking the right resources to teach a course,\u201d which can dramatically improve the learning patterns of students in the growing smart educational environment. Finally, we provide the evaluation of our framework as evidence of its competency and consistency in improving academic analytics for educational activities and processes by using machine reasoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5588381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T17:35:08Z","timestamp":1628012108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ontology\u2010Based Smart System to Automate Higher Education Activities"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6146-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada Abdullah","family":"Alrehaili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-0327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ahtisham","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dimah Hussein","family":"Alahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina Abdullah","family":"Alrehaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Muhammad Sheraz","family":"Arshad Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30493-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v78.9547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98192-5_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","article-title":"Developing university ontology using prot\u00e9g\u00e9 OWL tool: process and reasoning","volume":"2","author":"Malviya N.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MaY. 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