{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:00:01Z","timestamp":1788865201448,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A common gynecological disease in the world is breast cancer that early diagnosis of this disease can be very effective in its treatment. The use of image processing methods and pattern recognition techniques in automatic breast detection from mammographic images decreases human errors and increments the rapidity of diagnosis. In this paper, mammographic images are analyzed using image processing techniques and a pipeline structure for the diagnosis of the cancerous masses. In the first stage, the quality of mammogram images and the contrast of abnormal areas in the image are improved by using image contrast improvement and a noise decline. A method based on color space is then used for image segmentation that is followed by mathematical morphology. Then, for feature image extraction, a combined gray-level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method is used. At last, a new optimized version of convolutional neural network (CNN) and a new improved metaheuristic, called Advanced Thermal Exchange Optimizer, are used for the classification of the features. A comparison of the simulations of the proposed technique with three different techniques from the literature applied on the MIAS mammogram database is performed to show its superiority. Results show that the accuracy of diagnosing cancer cases for the proposed method and applied on the MIAS database is 93.79%, and sensitivity and specificity are obtained 96.89% and 67.7%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5595180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T19:05:09Z","timestamp":1636398309000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Breast Cancer Diagnosis by Convolutional Neural Network and Advanced Thermal Exchange Optimization Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Xiuzhen","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Health Service Center, Taibei Street, Jiangan District, Wuhan, 430010 Hubei Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0538-8502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Vocational College of Software and Engineering, Wuhan, 430205 Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-1482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Navid","family":"Razmjooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Tafresh University, Tafresh, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1836-713X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noradin","family":"Ghadimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2018-0002"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.01.011"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-012-1149-1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00051144.2020.1785784"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2019.123592"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101845"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-017-3053-6"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym10020051"},{"key":"9","article-title":"Image thresholding optimization based on imperialist competitive algorithm","author":"N. 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