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Depending on the subset and activation status, macrophages may eliminate intracellular parasites; however, these host cells also can offer a safe environment for Leishmania replication. In this sense, the fate of the parasite may be influenced by the phenotype of the infected macrophage, linked to the subtype of classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. In the present study, M1 and M2 macrophage subsets were analyzed by double-staining immunohistochemistry in skin biopsies from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis ,and L. (L.) infantum chagasi. High number of M1 macrophages was detected in nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mtext>M<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mn>1<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>112<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mo>\u00b1<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>12<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mtext>M<\/c:mtext>\n                        <c:mn>2<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>43<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>\u00b1<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>12<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> cells\/mm2). On the other side, high density of M2 macrophages was observed in the skin lesions of patients with anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL) (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mtext>M<\/e:mtext>\n                        <e:mn>1<\/e:mn>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>195<\/e:mn>\n                        <e:mo>\u00b1<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>25<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mtext>M<\/g:mtext>\n                        <g:mn>2<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>616<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mo>\u00b1<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>114<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), followed by cases of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mtext>M<\/i:mtext>\n                        <i:mn>1<\/i:mn>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>97<\/i:mn>\n                        <i:mo>\u00b1<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>24<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mtext>M<\/k:mtext>\n                        <k:mn>2<\/k:mn>\n                        <k:mo>=<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>219<\/k:mn>\n                        <k:mo>\u00b1<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>29<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), L. (V.) panamensis (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mtext>M<\/m:mtext>\n                        <m:mn>1<\/m:mn>\n                        <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>71<\/m:mn>\n                        <m:mo>\u00b1<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>14<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mtext>M<\/o:mtext>\n                        <o:mn>2<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mo>=<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>164<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mo>\u00b1<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>14<\/o:mn>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and L. (V.) braziliensis (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <q:math xmlns:q=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                        <q:mtext>M<\/q:mtext>\n                        <q:mn>1<\/q:mn>\n                        <q:mo>=<\/q:mo>\n                        <q:mn>50<\/q:mn>\n                        <q:mo>\u00b1<\/q:mo>\n                        <q:mn>13<\/q:mn>\n                     <\/q:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <s:math xmlns:s=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\">\n                        <s:mtext>M<\/s:mtext>\n                        <s:mn>2<\/s:mn>\n                        <s:mo>=<\/s:mo>\n                        <s:mn>53<\/s:mn>\n                        <s:mo>\u00b1<\/s:mo>\n                        <s:mn>10<\/s:mn>\n                     <\/s:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>); however, low density of M2 macrophages was observed in NUCL. The data presented herein show the polarization of macrophages in skin lesions caused by different Leishmania species that may be related with the outcome of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5596876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T18:50:11Z","timestamp":1618253411000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Macrophage Polarization in the Skin Lesion Caused by Neotropical Species of Leishmania sp"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6566-4869","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carmen M.","family":"Sandoval Pacheco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Patologia de Mol\u00e9stias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. 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Juan Pablo II, Albrook, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5653-1332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azael","family":"Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitolog\u00eda Molecular, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ave. Justo Arosemena, 0816-02593 Calidonia, Panama"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Diagn\u00f3stico de Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Ave. Octavio M\u00e9ndez Pereira, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E. P.","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Patologia de Mol\u00e9stias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. 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