{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:39:27Z","timestamp":1788518367979,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":148,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006396","name":"Qazvin University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species is a prevalent fungal infection among women. It is believed that the pathogenesis of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species is linked with the production of biofilm which is considered a virulence factor for this organism. The aim of this study was molecular identification, antifungal susceptibility, biomass quantification of biofilm, and detection of virulence markers of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We investigated the molecular identification of 70 vaginal isolates of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species, antifungal resistance to amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole according to CLSI M27\u2010A3 and M27\u2010S4, biofilm formation, and frequency analysis of biofilm\u2010related ALS1, ALS3, and HWP1 genes. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Our findings showed that the most common yeast isolated from vaginal discharge was <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> (67%), followed by the non\u2010<jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> species (33%). All <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> complex isolates were confirmed as <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> by HWP\u2010PCR, and all isolates of the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> complex were revealed to be <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> using the multiplex PCR method. FLC resistance was observed in 23.4% of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> and 7.7% of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic>. The resistance rate to ITC was found in 10.6% of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>. The frequency of ALS1, ALS3, and HWP1 genes among <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species was 67.1%, 80%, and 81.4%, respectively. Biofilm formation was observed in 54.3% of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species, and the highest frequency detected as a virulence factor was for the ALS3 gene (97.3%) in biofilm\u2010forming species. <jats:italic>Discussion<\/jats:italic>. Our results showed the importance of molecular epidemiology studies, investigating antifungal susceptibility profiles, and understanding the role of biofilm\u2010related virulence markers in the pathogenesis of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5598907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T18:35:14Z","timestamp":1622313314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Analysis of Biofilm\u2010Related Genes and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Vaginal <i>Candida albicans<\/i> and Non\u2010<i>Candida albicans<\/i> Species"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-2626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Hemmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3419-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Bajalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7715-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Javadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4040121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/859071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-018-0261-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2020.0139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22913"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)01984-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9148-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00194-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406005200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","first-page":"2105","article-title":"Identification of Candida species in oral cavity of smokers and nonsmokers","volume":"33","author":"Javaheri M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Isfahan Medical School"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","first-page":"994","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of clinical triazole resistance Aspergillus fumigatus in Iran","volume":"47","author":"Mohammadi F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi. 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