{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:13:55Z","timestamp":1792206835955,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007051","name":"Uppsala University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IPICS:ZIM01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPICS:ZIM01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007051","name":"Uppsala University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F\/3413-03F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F\/3413-03F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Foundation in Sciences","award":["IPICS:ZIM01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPICS:ZIM01"]}]},{"name":"International Foundation in Sciences","award":["F\/3413-03F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F\/3413-03F"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPICS:ZIM01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPICS:ZIM01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F\/3413-03F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F\/3413-03F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biochemistry Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment of infections caused by S. aureus has become a challenge due to the emergency of resistant strains. Ozoroa reticulata root extracts have been used in traditional medicine to treat throat and chest pains in Zimbabwe. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of O. reticulata root bark extracts on the production of extracellular proteases by S. aureus. The root barks were collected, dried, and crushed into powder. To obtain different phytoconstituents, plant extractions were performed. Extractions were carried out using two solvent mixtures: ethanol\u2009:\u2009water (50\u2009:\u200950\u2009v\/v) and dichloromethane\u2009:\u2009methanol (50\u2009:\u200950\u2009v\/v). Serial exhaustive extractions were also performed using methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and water. The broth microdilution assays were used to assess the antibacterial effects of the Ozoroa reticulata root bark extracts against S. aureus. Ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control. Qualitative screening for extracellular protease production by S. aureus on BCG-skim milk agar plates using the most potent extract was carried out. The proteolytic zones were measured and expressed as the ratio of the diameter of the colony to the total diameter of the colony plus the zone of hydrolysis (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:msub>\n                           <a:mrow>\n                              <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                           <\/a:mrow>\n                           <a:mrow>\n                              <a:mi>z<\/a:mi>\n                           <\/a:mrow>\n                        <\/a:msub>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> values). The ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most potent inhibitor of the growth of S. aureus with 99% inhibition and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100\u2009\u00b5g\/mL. Inhibition of extracellular protease production was directly proportional to the concentration of the extract. At 100\u2009\u00b5g\/mL, the ethyl acetate extract had a <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:msub>\n                           <c:mrow>\n                              <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                           <\/c:mrow>\n                           <c:mrow>\n                              <c:mi>z<\/c:mi>\n                           <\/c:mrow>\n                        <\/c:msub>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> value of 0.84, indicative of mild proteolytic activity. A <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:msub>\n                           <e:mrow>\n                              <e:mi>P<\/e:mi>\n                           <\/e:mrow>\n                           <e:mrow>\n                              <e:mi>z<\/e:mi>\n                           <\/e:mrow>\n                        <\/e:msub>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> value of 0.94 was observed at a concentration of 200\u2009\u00b5g\/mL and signified weak proteolytic activity. In conclusion, the extract inhibited the production of extracellular proteases in S. aureus. Further work on the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds responsible for inhibiting the production of extracellular proteases is of importance in the discovery of agents with antivirulent effects on S. aureus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5599129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T23:05:13Z","timestamp":1635548713000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ozoroa insignis reticulata (Baker f.) R. Fern. &amp; A. Fern. Root Extract Inhibits the Production of Extracellular Proteases by Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6812-6676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Katsukunya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-9484","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rumbidzai","family":"Makurira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6071-6439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stanley","family":"Mukanganyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/103874"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States","author":"CDC","year":"2019"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci18535"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520289"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/533591"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0039-2018"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1490-4"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3979482"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v50i2.3"},{"key":"10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"65","author":"C. 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