{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T05:16:22Z","timestamp":1781327782298,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61772166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61772166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LZ17F020002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ17F020002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61772166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61772166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LZ17F020002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ17F020002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, a lot of vulnerabilities of smart contracts have been found. Hackers used these vulnerabilities to attack the corresponding contracts developed in the blockchain system such as Ethereum, and it has caused lots of economic losses. Therefore, it is very important to find out the potential problems of the smart contracts and develop more secure smart contracts. As blockchain security events have raised more important issues, more and more smart contract security analysis methods have been developed. Most of these methods are based on traditional static analysis or dynamic analysis methods. There are only a few methods that use emerging technologies, such as machine learning. Some models that use machine learning to detect smart contract vulnerabilities cost much time in extracting features manually. In this paper, we introduce a novel machine learning-based analysis model by introducing the shared child nodes for smart contract vulnerabilities. We build the Abstract-Syntax-Tree (AST) for smart contracts with some vulnerabilities from two data sets including SmartBugs and SolidiFI-benchmark. Then, we build the Abstract-Syntax-Tree (AST) of the labeled smart contract for data sets named Smartbugs-wilds. Next, we get the shared child nodes from both of the ASTs to obtain the structural similarity, and then, we construct a feature vector composed of the values that measure structural similarity automatically to build our machine learning model. Finally, we get a KNN model that can predict eight types of vulnerabilities including Re-entrancy, Arithmetic, Access Control, Denial of Service, Unchecked Low Level Calls, Bad Randomness, Front Running, and Denial of Service. The accuracy, recall, and precision of our KNN model are all higher than 90%. In addition, compared with some other analysis tools including Oyente and SmartCheck, our model has higher accuracy. In addition, we spent less time for training .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5798033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T05:28:02Z","timestamp":1629091682000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A Novel Machine Learning-Based Analysis Model for Smart Contract Vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7952-5808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3061-2388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gengran","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2049-8961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lin","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-4986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chengtang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Introducing Ethereum and Solidity Foundations of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Programming for Beginners","author":"D. 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Ethereum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethereum project yellow paper"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/glocomw.2018.8644498"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54455-6_8"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238177"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363230"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377644.3377650"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2006.12.019"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iotsms48152.2019.8939256"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pst47121.2019.8949045"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23940\/ijpe.19.10.p14.26832691"},{"key":"13","first-page":"161","article-title":"Solc-verify: a modular verifier for solidity smart contracts","author":"\u00c1. Hajdu"},{"key":"14","first-page":"2589","article-title":"\u00c6gis: smart shielding of smart contracts","author":"C. F. Torres"},{"key":"15","article-title":"Decentralized application security project top 10","author":"Ncc Group","year":"2018"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3282373.3282419"},{"key":"17","first-page":"9","article-title":"Smartcheck: static analysis of ethereum smart contracts","author":"S. Tikhomirov"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ntms.2018.8328743"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wetseb.2019.00008"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3385412.3385990"},{"key":"21","first-page":"685","article-title":"Deep learning with elastic averaging sgd","author":"S. Zhang"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377811.3380364"},{"key":"23","first-page":"912","article-title":"A formal verification tool for ethereum vm bytecode","author":"M. Saxena"}],"container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/5798033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/5798033.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/5798033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T05:28:08Z","timestamp":1629091688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2021\/5798033\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Abdelouahid","family":"Derhab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["5798033","5798033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/5798033","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-0122","1939-0114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-0122","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1939-0114","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]}}}