{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:31:26Z","timestamp":1791930686180,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":349,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Postoperative peritoneal adhesions are considered the major complication following abdominal surgeries. The primary clinical complications of peritoneal adhesion are intestinal obstruction, infertility, pelvic pain, and postoperative mortality. In this study, regarding the anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant activities of <jats:italic>Crocus sativus,<\/jats:italic> we aimed to evaluate the effects of <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic> on the prevention of postsurgical\u2010induced peritoneal adhesion. Male Wistar\u2010Albino rats were used to investigate the preventive effects of <jats:italic>C. sativus<\/jats:italic> extract (0.5%, 0.25% and 0.125% <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>) against postsurgical\u2010induced peritoneal adhesion compared to pirfenidone (PFD, 7.5% <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>). We also investigated the protective effects of PFD (100\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/ml) and <jats:italic>C. sativus<\/jats:italic> extract (100, 200, and 400\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/ml) in TGF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1\u2010induced fibrotic macrophage polarization. The levels of cell proliferation and oxidative, antioxidative, inflammatory and anti\u2010inflammatory, fibrosis, and angiogenesis biomarkers were evaluated both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> models. <jats:italic>C. sativus<\/jats:italic> extract ameliorates postoperational\u2010induced peritoneal adhesion development by attenuating oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA)]; inflammatory mediators [interleukin\u2010 (IL\u2010) 6, tumour necrosis factor\u2010 (TNF\u2010) <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>)]; fibrosis [transforming growth factor\u2010 (TGF\u2010) <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1, IL\u20104, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)]; and angiogenesis [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] markers, while propagating antioxidant [glutathione (GSH)], anti\u2010inflammatory (IL\u201010), and fibrinolytic [tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)] markers and tPA\/PAI ratio. In a cellular model, we revealed that the extract, without any toxicity, regulated the levels of cell proliferation and inflammatory (TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>), angiogenesis (VEGF), anti\u2010inflammatory (IL\u201010), M1 [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)] and M2 [arginase\u20101 (Arg 1)] biomarkers, and iNOS\/Arg\u20101 ratio towards antifibrotic M1 phenotype of macrophage, in a concentration\u2010dependent manner. Taken together, the current study indicated that <jats:italic>C. sativus<\/jats:italic> reduces peritoneal adhesion formation by modulating the macrophage polarization from M2 towards M1 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5945101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T04:05:19Z","timestamp":1639713919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Intraperitoneal Lavage with <i>Crocus sativus<\/i> Prevents Postoperative\u2010Induced Peritoneal Adhesion in a Rat Model: Evidence from Animal and Cellular Studies"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Pouria","family":"Rahmanian-Devin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2118-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Rakhshandeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vafa","family":"Baradaran Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Sanei-Far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maede","family":"Hasanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arghavan","family":"Memarzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Iranshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid Reza","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1118-3918"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1082389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2003.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.212795"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105923"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-020-00083-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1082388"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719109332826"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34530-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70574-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i41.4545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222700104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-1238-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.12.090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"a review on the effects of saffron extract and its constituents on factors related to neurologic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"14","author":"Milajerdi A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","first-page":"376","article-title":"The effects of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents on nervous system: a review","volume":"5","author":"Khazdair M. 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