{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T08:01:13Z","timestamp":1769068873583,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":231,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004921","name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Consensus mechanism plays an important role in blockchain. At present, mainstream consensus mechanisms include proof of work (PoW), proof of stake (PoS), and delegated proof of stake (DPoS). PoW, as is widely used in virtual currency, results in significant energy consumption; PoS and DPoS are proposed to reduce energy waste caused by PoW, but their disadvantage is that they tend to create Matthew Effect (ME): \u201cthe rich get richer.\u201d In order to balance the discourse power of new nodes and elder ones, this paper proposes a flexible consensus mechanism called proof of engagement (PoE), based on the activity and contribution of network nodes. We analyze the incentive compatibility of PoE from the perspective of mechanism design. In our simulation experiments, we tested the profit changes under PoW, PoS, and PoE. The results illustrate it is easier for new nodes to accumulate their profits under PoE than under PoW or PoS, so as to reduce the negative impacts of ME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6185910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T22:28:28Z","timestamp":1629498508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proof of Engagement: A Flexible Blockchain Consensus Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2143-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiale","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-613X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maosheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2863-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","article-title":"Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decentralized Business Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GervaisA. 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