{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T20:19:48Z","timestamp":1782418788498,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been spreading and wreaking havoc globally, despite massive efforts by the government and World Health Organization (WHO). Consideration of partially recovered carriers is hypothesized to play a leading role in the persistence of the disease and its introduction to new areas. A model for transmission of COVID-19 by symptomless partially recovered carriers is proposed and analysed. It is shown that key parameters can be identified such that below a threshold level, built on these parameters, the epidemic tends towards extinction, while above another threshold, it tends towards a nontrivial epidemic state. Moreover, optimal control analysis of the model, using Pontryagin\u2019s maximum principle, is performed. The optimal controls are characterized in terms of the optimality system and solved numerically for several scenarios. Numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:msub>\n                           <a:mrow>\n                              <a:mi>R<\/a:mi>\n                           <\/a:mrow>\n                           <a:mrow>\n                              <a:mi>c<\/a:mi>\n                           <\/a:mrow>\n                        <\/a:msub>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, indicate that the disease is mainly driven by parameters involving the partially recovered carriers rather than symptomatic ones. Moreover, optimal control analysis of the model, using Pontryagin\u2019s maximum principle, is performed. The optimal controls were characterized in terms of the optimality system and solved numerically for several scenarios. Numerical simulations were explored to illustrate our theoretical findings, scenarios were built, and the model predicted that social distancing and treatment of the symptomatic will slow down the epidemic curve and reduce mortality of COVID-19 given that there is an average adherence to social distancing and effective treatment are administered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6406274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T23:59:34Z","timestamp":1625875174000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The COVID-19 Model with Partially Recovered Carriers"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"T. S.","family":"Faniran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-421X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"E. A.","family":"Bakare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modelling, Simulation and Data Science Network, Africa (MOD-SIMUD.net, Africa), Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. O.","family":"Falade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Mbour, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.07.001"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.81"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.10.008"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa008"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.050"},{"key":"6","article-title":"Coronavirus: the first three months as it happened"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000722"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12367.1"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.02.001"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.19.911669"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2020288"},{"key":"12","volume-title":"Report 2: Estimating the Potential Total Number of Novel Coronavirus Cases in Wuhan City, China","author":"N. 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