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Its use has been transmitted through generations based on popular tradition that attributes analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties to the tree. However, its cardioprotective effects have not yet been scientifically investigated. Thus, the present study investigated the pharmacological response to an ethanol-soluble fraction from the leaves of C. urucurana in Wistar rats exposed to smoking and dyslipidemia, two important cardiovascular risk factors. The extract was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Wistar rats received a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet and were exposed to cigarette smoke (9 cigarettes\/day for 10\u2009weeks). During the last 5\u2009weeks, the animals were orally treated with vehicle (negative control group), C. urucurana extract (30, 100, and 300\u2009mg\/kg), or simvastatin (2.5\u2009mg\/kg)\u2009+\u2009enalapril (15\u2009mg\/kg). One group of rats that was not exposed to these risk factors was also evaluated (basal group). Electrocardiograms and systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were measured. Blood was collected to measure total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine. The heart and kidneys were collected and processed for oxidative status and histopathological evaluation. The phytochemical analysis revealed different classes of flavonoids and condensed tannins. The model induced dyslipidemia and cardiac and renal oxidative stress and increased levels of urea and creatinine in the negative control group. Treatment with the C. urucurana extract (300\u2009mg\/kg) and simvastatin\u2009+\u2009enalapril decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In contrast to simvastatin\u2009+\u2009enalapril treatment, the C. urucurana extract exerted cardiac and renal antioxidant effects. No alterations of electrocardiograms, blood pressure, or histopathology were observed between groups. These findings indicate that C. urucurana exerts lipid-lowering, renal, and cardioprotective effects against oxidative stress in a preclinical model of multiple risk factors for heart disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6580458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T23:50:06Z","timestamp":1637020206000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multiple Risk Factors for Heart Disease: A Challenge to the Ethnopharmacological Use of Croton urucurana Baill."],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3232-2496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Priscila Megda Jo\u00e3o Job","family":"Zago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical Research of Natural Products, Post-Graduate Program in Medicinal Plants and Phytotherapeutics in Basic Attention, Paranaense University, Umuarama, Paran\u00e1, 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