{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T12:36:43Z","timestamp":1759667803779,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. After several waves of spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries around the world are struggling to regain their economies by slowly lifting mobility restrictions and social distance measures applied during the crisis. Meanwhile, recent studies provide compelling evidence on how contact distancing, the use of face masks, and handwashing habits can reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In this context, we investigated the effect that these personal protection habits can have in preventing new waves of contagion. Methods. We extended an agent-based COVID-19 epidemic model in a simulated community to incorporate the mechanisms of these aforementioned personal care habits and measure their incidence in person-to-person transmission. A full factorial experiment design was performed to illustrate the extent to which the interplay between these personal habits is effective in mitigating the spread of disease. A global sensitivity analysis was performed on the parameters that control these habits to further validate the results. Results. We found that observing physical distance is the dominant habit in reducing disease transmission, although adopting either or both of the other two habits is necessary to some extent to suppress a new outbreak entirely. When physical distance is not observed, adherence to the use of masks or handwashing has a significant decrease in infections and mortality, but the epidemic still unfolds. We also found that in all scenarios, the combined effect of adhering to the three habits is more powerful than adopting them separately. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that a broad adherence of the population to voluntary self-care habits would help contain unfold of new outbreaks. The purpose of our model is illustrative and contributes to ratify the importance of urging citizens to adopt the amalgam of personal care habits as a primary collective protection measure to prevent communities from returning to confinements, while immunisation is carried out in late stages of the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6616654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T23:49:00Z","timestamp":1617839340000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of Personal Protection Habits on the Spread of Pandemics: Insights from an Agent-Based Model"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8818-0901","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lindsay","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Pomar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5062-2487","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sergio","family":"Rojas-Galeano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3606984","article-title":"Production networks and epidemic spreading: how to restart the UK economy?","author":"A. Pichler","year":"2020"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn3557504"},{"volume-title":"The Cost of the COVID-19 Crisis: Lockdowns, Macroeconomic Expecta-Tions, and Consumer Spending","year":"2020","author":"O. Coibion","key":"3"},{"volume-title":"Report 9: Impact of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID19 Mortality and Healthcare Demand","year":"2020","author":"N. Ferguson","key":"4"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2293-x"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0883-7"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13362-020-00091-3","article-title":"Beyond just \u201cflattening the curve\u201d: optimal control of epidemics with purely non-pharmaceutical interventions","author":"M. Kantner","year":"2020"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108472"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110476"},{"key":"10","first-page":"2150003","article-title":"Theoretical perspectives of China-Hong Kong relations: contextualizing their joint anti-COVID-19 fourth wave mitigation efforts","volume-title":"China and the World","author":"T. W. Lim","year":"2021"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4552"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000000722"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30763-7"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001211","article-title":"Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a delayed second dose","author":"S. M. Moghadas","year":"2021"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00720-9","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines: where we stand and challenges ahead","volume":"28","author":"G. Forni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death & Differentiation"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010044"},{"key":"17","first-page":"2020","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates","author":"M. Sallam","year":"2021"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc2032195"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244126"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070735","article-title":"Understanding soaring coronavirus cases and the effect of contagion policies in the UK","author":"M. A. Duran-Olivencia","year":"2021"},{"article-title":"Increased resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B. 1.351 and B. 1.1. 7 to antibody neutralization","year":"2021","author":"P. Wang","key":"21"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1877066"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HarrisJ. E.The subways seeded the massive coronavirus epidemic in New York city2020Cambridge, MA, USANational Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper","DOI":"10.3386\/w27021"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12697"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020040420053058"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)31142-9"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15796.1"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000003046"},{"issue":"1","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7726-9","article-title":"Do various personal hygiene habits protect us against influenza-like illness?","volume":"19","author":"A. K. B. Abdulrahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009637117"},{"volume-title":"Advice on the Use of Masks in the Community, during Home Care and in Healthcare Settings in the Context of the Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: Interim Guidance","year":"2020","author":"WHO","key":"31"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/jmayocp202007020"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2026913"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06067-8"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HendrixM. J.Absence of apparent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from two stylists after exposure at a hair salon with a universal face covering policy\u2014Springfield2020Rolla, MO, USAMMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6928e2"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002794"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints2020040203v1"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020062120128181"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103629"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/s0036144500371907"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.09.20047498","article-title":"An agent-based epidemic model REINA for COVID-19 to identify destructive policies","author":"J. T. Tuomisto","year":"2020"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.06.20056119","article-title":"INFEKTA: a general agent-based model for transmission of infectious diseases: studying the COVID-19 propagation in Bogot\u00e1-Colombia","author":"J. Gomez","year":"2020"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110049"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0016240"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110173"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2020.09.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"48","first-page":"160","article-title":"Modeling and forecasting for the number of cases of the COVID-19 pandemic with the curve estimation models, the box-jenkins and exponential smoothing methods","volume":"4","author":"H. Yonar","year":"2020","journal-title":"EJMO"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15312\/eurasianjvetsci.2020.304"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110088"},{"key":"51","article-title":"Modelo de simulaci\u00f3n del COVID-19 basado en agentes: aplicaci\u00f3n al caso argentino","volume":"3","author":"C. Jim\u00e9nez Romero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Posici\u00f3n"},{"article-title":"COVID-town: an integrated economic-epidemiological agent-based model","year":"2020","author":"P. Mellacher","key":"52"},{"issue":"49","key":"53","first-page":"201","article-title":"An agent-based tool for impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"L. Alvarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tecnol\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.05.20146977","article-title":"An agent based modeling of COVID-19: validation, analysis, and recommendations","author":"M. S. Shamil","year":"2020"},{"key":"55","article-title":"Spatio-temporal simulation of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak using the agent-based modeling approach (case study: Urmia, Iran)","volume":"20","author":"N. M. Gharakhanlou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Informatics in Medicine Unlocked"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18564\/jasss.4298"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020061320130542"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4754(00)00270-6","article-title":"Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates","volume":"55","author":"I. M. Sobol","year":"2001","journal-title":"Math-ematics and Computers in Simulation"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2009.09.018"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18564\/jasss.3668"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00097"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.6"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.16.20195826","article-title":"Modeling the spread and control of COVID-19","author":"A. Trivedi","year":"2020"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1001-6"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103827"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0931-9"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31219\/osfio\/k2d84"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-27112\/v1","article-title":"Dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India","author":"S. Khajanchi","year":"2020"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1405"}],"container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2021\/6616654.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2021\/6616654.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2021\/6616654.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T18:36:08Z","timestamp":1671820568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2021\/6616654\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sylvia H.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["6616654","6616654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6616654","relation":{},"ISSN":["1537-744X","2356-6140"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1537-744X"},{"type":"print","value":"2356-6140"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}