{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:48:46Z","timestamp":1787017726388,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":94,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To date, dengue is considered an important public health problem in Sri Lanka. Irrational use of insecticides without evidence\u2010based applications has primed the development of resistance in mosquito vectors.\n                    <jats:italic>Method<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The present study investigated the resistance status of\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to commonly used insecticides in three selected Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas (i.e., Attanagalla, Dompe, and Negombo) in Gampaha District, Western Province of Sri Lanka. Entomological surveys were performed using ovitraps and larval collections. Larval bioassays were carried out to determine the LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    , LC\n                    <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and LC\n                    <jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\n                    and susceptibility status for organophosphate temephos, whereas adult bioassays were performed to test the 0.03% deltamethrin and 0.8% malathion susceptibility.\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The study revealed that the temephos concentrations required to control\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    (13.7\u201017.7 times) and\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (4.6\u20107.6 times) are higher than the diagnostic concentration (0.012\u2009mg\/L) proposed by the World Health Organization. The highest resistance levels were observed for both\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    (14 \u00b1 1.87) and\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictu<\/jats:italic>\n                    s (36 \u00b1 1.87) collected from the Negombo MOH area. Therefore, the WHO recommended diagnostic concentration is no longer effective in controlling\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae in these areas. Both the dengue vectors have evolved a high level of insecticide resistance to malathion and deltamethrin in the Gampaha District except\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes in rural areas. Further, vectors in rural areas are indicated susceptible (&gt;98%) to pyrethroids and emergence of resistance (&lt;97%) for organophosphate insecticides.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The results of this study warrant the vector management authorities on the proper application of insecticides and rational use in vector control. The susceptibility status of vector mosquitoes should be continuously monitored especially in dengue\u2010endemic areas parallel to the routine surveillance programme. Further molecular studies are strongly recommended to determine the Knockdown Resistance (kdr) mutations among\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6619175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T15:05:07Z","timestamp":1617635107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Challenge for a Unique Dengue Vector Control Programme: Assessment of the Spatial Variation of Insecticide Resistance Status amongst\n                    <i>Aedes aegypti<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Aedes albopictus<\/i>\n                    Populations in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0580-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasika","family":"Dalpadado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2690-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayana","family":"Gunathilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-1843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepika","family":"Amarasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5687-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lahiru","family":"Udayanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Comprehensive Guideline for prevention and control of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever: Revised and expanded edition 2011 2020 https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/204894."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/sljid.v6i1.8107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.206246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","volume-title":"Epidemiology Unit Dengue update","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1735358"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for diagnosis treatment prevention and control of dengue 2009 2020 https:\/\/www.who.int\/tdr\/publications\/documents\/dengue-diagnosis.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquito populations; Interim guidance for entomologists 2016 2020 https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/204588."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","unstructured":"UnitN. D. C. Sri Lanka. Guidelines for Aedes Vector Surveillance and Control 2016 2018 http:\/\/www.dengue.health.gov.lk\/web\/phocadownload\/guidlines_for_aedes_vector_surveillance_and_control_in_sri_lanka_new.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3113-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","volume-title":"Regional Director of Health services office Gampaha","author":"Epidemiology Unit","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485317001092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0754-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3098575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2010-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1346-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","first-page":"525","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes albopictus from Sri Lanka: first report of the F1534C mutation in the country","volume":"7","author":"Fernando S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology and Zoological Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","volume-title":"meeting held in Geneva from 11 to 18 September 1984","author":"WHO","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101742"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-79"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi larvae against temephos in Delhi, India","volume":"1","author":"Singh R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Mosquito Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.5.821"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization and Global Malaria Programme Eliminating Malaria. Case Study 3 Progress towards Elimination in Sri Lanka 2012 2018 https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/9789241504454\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","unstructured":"PiyumiD. H.andHapuhinnaH. K. G. I. S. B. Present situation and prospects of pineapple cultivation in Gampaha District Proceedings of 19th International Postgraduate Research conference (IPRC) Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Kelaniya 2018 Sri Lanka."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762011000300015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060878"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2021\/6619175.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2021\/6619175.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/6619175","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T09:16:42Z","timestamp":1735636602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/6619175"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ettore","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/6619175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6619175","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6619175"}}