{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:06:15Z","timestamp":1773795975524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008895","name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of wireless path loss prediction and interference minimization studies in various environments cannot be over-emphasized. In fact, numerous researchers have done massive work on scrutinizing the effectiveness of existing path loss models for channel modeling. The difficulties experienced by the researchers determining or having the detailed information about the propagating environment prompted for the use of computational intelligence (CI) methods in the prediction of path loss. This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic literature review on the application of nature-inspired computational approaches in radio propagation analysis. In particular, we cover artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy inference systems (FISs), swarm intelligence (SI), and other computational techniques. The main research trends and a general overview of the different research areas, open research issues, and future research directions are also presented in this paper. This review paper will serve as reference material for researchers in the field of channel modeling or radio propagation and in particular for research in path loss prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6619364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T02:05:08Z","timestamp":1614218708000},"page":"1-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Application of Computational Intelligence Algorithms in Radio Propagation: A Systematic Review and Metadata Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Quadri Ramon","family":"Adebowale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria"}]},{"given":"Nasir","family":"Faruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa, Kano, Nigeria"}]},{"given":"Kayode S.","family":"Adewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria"}]},{"given":"Abubakar","family":"Abdulkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria"}]},{"given":"Lukman A.","family":"Olawoyin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria"}]},{"given":"Abdulkarim A.","family":"Oloyede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3446-4316","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haruna","family":"Chiroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hafr Al Batin, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Hafar Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Yunlin, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Aliyu D.","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5729-3041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos T.","family":"Calafate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","article-title":"Hata path loss model tuning for cellular networks in Irbid city","author":"B. Omar"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel","author":"J. D. Parsons","year":"2000","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"4","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.9790\/4861-0340818","article-title":"Urban area path loss propagation prediction and optimization using Hata model at 800\u2009MHz","volume":"3","author":"I. Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Applied Physics"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Error bounds of empirical path loss models on VHF\/UHF bands in Kwara state","author":"N. Faruk","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2013.6625043"},{"key":"5","volume-title":"Computational Intelligence Synergies of Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks and Evolutionary Computing","author":"A. Hojjat","year":"2013","edition":"1st"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/surv.2011.040310.00002"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2008.09.009"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470512517","article-title":"Computational intelligence","author":"A. P. Engelbrecht","year":"2007"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00607-015-0448-7","article-title":"A survey on context-aware recommender systems based on computational intelligence techniques","volume":"97","author":"A. Abbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computing"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets notes","volume":"8","author":"L. A. Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-65877-1","volume-title":"Industrial Applications of Fuzzy Technology","author":"K. Hirota","year":"1993"},{"key":"12","volume-title":"Fuzzy Syetems","author":"T. Terano","year":"1994"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59614-3"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7908-1853-6","volume-title":"Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy Intelligent Systems","author":"E. Czogala","year":"2000"},{"key":"15","volume-title":"Neuro-Fuzzy Systems","author":"J. Leski","year":"2008"},{"key":"16","article-title":"Comparing the performance of ANFIS, PSO-ANFIS and PSO-ANFIS with random input in indoor Wi-Fi signal propagation prediction","author":"M. O. Omae"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPICES.2015.7091360.2015"},{"key":"18","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Fuzzy adaptive neural network approach to path loss prediction in urban areas at GSM-900 band","volume":"18","author":"T. E. Dalkili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turkey Journal Electrical & Computer Science"},{"key":"19","article-title":"Muti-layer fuzzy logic sets for mobile path loss in forests","author":"P. Supachai"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Secure path loss prediction using fuzzy logic approach","author":"A. Gupta","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSN.2008.4772717"},{"key":"21","first-page":"642","article-title":"Path loss prediction in wireless communication system using fuzzy logic","volume":"7","author":"M. Sanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"22","article-title":"Path loss correction for signal propagation amongst low roof top buildings using fuzzy logic","volume":"83","author":"J. Sumit","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"key":"23","article-title":"Minimizing path loss prediction error using k means clustering and fuzzy logic","volume":"26","author":"W. Bhupuak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science"},{"key":"24","article-title":"Statistic microwave path loss modeling in urban line-of-sight area using fuzzy linear regression","author":"P. Supachai"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Adaptive neuro-fuzzy model for path loss prediction in the VHF band","author":"M. A. Salman","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNI.2017.8123768"},{"key":"26","article-title":"Interference path loss prediction in A319\/320 Airplanes using modulated fuzzy logic and neural networks","author":"M. J. Jafri"},{"issue":"4","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jestch.2018.05.013","article-title":"Path loss predictions for multi-transmitter radio propagation in VHF bands using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system","volume":"21","author":"N. T. Surajudeen-Bakinde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal"},{"key":"28","article-title":"Path loss modeling for next generation wireless network using fuzzy logic\u2014spline interpolation technique","author":"A. Danladi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Fuzzy-logic based path loss models for Metropolitan environment","author":"O. O. Shoewu","DOI":"10.1109\/SiPS.2018.8598324"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Error bounds of empirical path loss models on VHF\/UHF bands in Kwara state","author":"N. Faruk","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2013.6625043"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259"},{"key":"32","article-title":"History of artificial intelligence","year":"2018"},{"key":"33","article-title":"Artificial neural network model for the determination of GSM Rxleve from atmospheric parameters","author":"J. E. Ofure","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engineering Science and Technology: An International Journal"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2050502","article-title":"Macrocell path-loss prediction using artificial nueral network","volume":"59","author":"E. Oustlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Comparison of neural network models for path loss prediction","author":"I. Popescu","DOI":"10.1109\/WIMOB.2005.1512814"},{"key":"36","article-title":"A neural network approach to the prediction of the propagation path loss for mobile communications sysytems in urban envinronments","author":"S. P. Sotiroudis"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Neural networks model of an UWB channel path loss in a mine environment","author":"M. Kalakh","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2012.6240318"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Comparative experimental study on modeling the path loss of an UWB channel in a mine environment using MLP and RBF neural networks","author":"N. Zaarour","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWCUCA.2012.6402503"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2013.2251994"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jemaa.2014.611036"},{"key":"41","article-title":"Heuristic modelling of path loss inside residences at 677\u2009MHz","author":"J. C. Dela Cruz"},{"key":"42","first-page":"275","article-title":"RF coverage and pathloss forecast using neural network","author":"Z. Nadir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Systems Science"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Neural network-based path loss prediction for digital TV macrocells","author":"J. C. Delos Angeles","DOI":"10.1109\/HNICEM.2015.7393223"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Neural network approach to model the propagation path loss for great Tripoli area at 900, 1800, and 2100\u2009MHz bands","author":"T. A. Benmus","DOI":"10.1109\/STA.2015.7505236"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/pierm17060601"},{"key":"46","article-title":"A wireless propagation channel model with meteorological quantities using neural networks","author":"T. Moazenni"},{"key":"47","article-title":"Application of artificial neural networks for path loss prediction in railway environments","author":"D. Wu"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2004.835252"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2947009"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091908"},{"key":"51","article-title":"Characterization of path loss in the VHF band using neural network modeling technique","author":"S. I. Popoola"},{"key":"52","article-title":"Optimal artifcial neural network design for propagation path-loss prediction using adaptive evolutionary algorithms","author":"S. P. Sotiroudis"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2014.04.020"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Optimizing empirical propagation models for LTE and LTE-A using genetic algorithms at 879\u2009MHz","author":"B. J. Cavalcanti","DOI":"10.1109\/APWC.2017.8062313"},{"key":"55","article-title":"Swarm intelligence in cellular robotic syetems","author":"G. Beni"},{"key":"56","volume-title":"What is Computational Intelligence and Where is it Going?","author":"W. Duch","year":"2007"},{"key":"57","article-title":"Particle swarm optimization RBF neural network model for internet traffic prediction","author":"T. He"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Statistical tuning of Walfisch-Ikegami propagation model using particle swarm optimization","author":"A. Tahat","DOI":"10.1109\/SCVT.2012.6399399"},{"key":"59","article-title":"Implementation of particle swarm optimization technique for enhanced outdoor network coverage in long term evolution network in Port Harcourt Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"A. A. Olukunle","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Engineering Research and Science"},{"key":"60","article-title":"Comparison of particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm for the path loss reduction in an urban area","volume":"15","author":"C. C. Chiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Science and Engineering"},{"key":"61","article-title":"Measurements and path loss models for cellular communications in Jordan","author":"M. S. H. Al Salameh","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Networking and Communication"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v7i4.pp2125-2131"},{"issue":"12","key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124390","article-title":"Research on distributed 5G signal coverage detection algorithm based on PSO-BP-kriging","volume":"18","author":"T. Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/6619364.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/6619364.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/6619364.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T02:05:29Z","timestamp":1614218729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2021\/6619364\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Quanzhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["6619364","6619364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6619364","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-905X","1574-017X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-905X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1574-017X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]}}}