{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:34:38Z","timestamp":1780616078286,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease, characterized by autoantibody production and immune complex formation, that has the potential to affect virtually any organ. Pleuropulmonary involvement occurs in 50\u201370% and commonly manifests as pleuritis and pleural effusion. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a rare manifestation of SLE. Most cases of DAH occur in young adults with an underlying autoimmune disease such as systemic vasculitis or Goodpasture syndrome. SLE is typically lower on the list of initial differential diagnoses of DAH due to its rarity compared to other etiologies. We present a case of a patient with dyspnea on exertion, dry coughs, lower extremity edema, and intermittent periorbital edema who ultimately succumbed to respiratory failure secondary to DAH in the setting of SLE. The diagnosis of SLE was suspected clinically and confirmed at autopsy due to her rapid clinical deterioration. DAH requires prompt intervention, and management is guided by the underlying disease process. SLE is a potentially treatable disease; therefore, timely diagnosis is important in order to exclude other noninfectious causes of DAH (reviewed in this report) and to initiate appropriate therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6620701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T17:35:34Z","timestamp":1613064934000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Fatal Case of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in the Setting of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report and Review of Noninfectious Causes of Acute Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Adults"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8971-3864","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mia C.","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry A.","family":"Molitor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Spilseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oyedele","family":"Adeyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Diseases of the immune system","volume-title":"Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease","author":"V. Kumar","year":"2015"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0440-9"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2010.05.001"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1685537"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573397113666170704102444"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reumae.2018.03.001"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199705000-00005"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9790459"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2084"},{"key":"10","article-title":"The diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndromes","author":"M. I. Schwarz","year":"2020"},{"key":"11","first-page":"552","article-title":"Alveolar filling disorders","volume-title":"Goldman-Cecil Medicine","author":"S. M. Levine","year":"2020"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-3383-5.00067-1","article-title":"Alveolar hemorrhage and rare infiltrative diseases","volume-title":"Murray and Nadel\u2019s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine","author":"H. R. Collard","year":"2016"},{"key":"13","first-page":"222","article-title":"Interstitial lung diseases","volume-title":"Andreoli and Carpenter\u2019s Cecil Essentials of Medicine","author":"M. D. Jankowich","year":"2016"},{"key":"14","volume-title":"Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis and Microscopic Polyangiitis: Respiratory Tract Involvement","author":"T. E. King","year":"2020"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199805000-00005"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313491024"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.3.195"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200001000-00012"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.19.4.g99jl10965"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2018.08.018"},{"issue":"10","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(15)60721-5","article-title":"Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage due to severe mitral valve regurgitation","volume":"65","author":"W. V. Izarnotegui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.3903"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reumae.2014.02.003"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2015-000117"},{"issue":"9","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819","article-title":"2019 European League against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"78","author":"M. Aringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370206"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-019-08763-8"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/rhu.0000000000000291"},{"key":"29","first-page":"306","article-title":"Lupus nephritis","volume-title":"Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology","author":"S. Wadhwani","year":"2019"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00443.x"},{"key":"31","first-page":"936","article-title":"Kidney: non-neoplastic diseases","volume-title":"Rosai and Ackerman\u2019s Surgical Pathology","author":"N. Kambham","year":"2018"},{"key":"32","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Organ-specific autoimmune diseases","volume-title":"Henry\u2019s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods","author":"W. E. Winter","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crirh\/2021\/6620701.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crirh\/2021\/6620701.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/crirh\/2021\/6620701.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T17:35:44Z","timestamp":1613064944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/crirh\/2021\/6620701\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Constantine","family":"Saadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["6620701","6620701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6620701","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-6897","2090-6889"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-6897","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-6889","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]}}}