{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T19:40:32Z","timestamp":1785267632222,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 in and around Haramaya Town to study the risk factors of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cattle and evaluate the economic impact of failure of first service AI. A questionnaire survey and field follow-up were employed for collecting data from cattle owners and artificial insemination technicians (AITs) who were selected purposively. Out of the 221 inseminated cows and heifers, the overall conception rate was 60.2% (n\u2009=\u2009133). The conception rate was statistically different between breed (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.019<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) and insemination time (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.049<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). From a total of 133 conceived cows and heifers, the conception rate was 68 (53.54%) in local breeds and 65 (69.15%) in cross breeds. Parity, age of cows, inseminator experience, and body condition of cows did not create a significant difference in conception rate (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>P<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&gt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.05<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Failure to conceive at their first AI results in an extra cost of 440 ETB per day until conception. Therefore, to increase the conception rate, dairy cows should be inseminated early when they show signs of estrous; the owners of dairy cows should be trained on how to detect estrous signs in dairy cows and AI technicians should also take training in order to improve their skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6622487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T22:35:06Z","timestamp":1621636506000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk Factors for the Efficiency of Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cows and Economic Impact of Failure of First Service Insemination in and around Haramaya Town, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Hamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Samara University, College of Veterinary Medicine, PO. Box. 132, Samara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadam","family":"Abduraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samara University, College of Veterinary Medicine, PO. Box. 132, Samara, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9620-6932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Belege","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wollo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, PO. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Agricultural Sample Survey. Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings)","author":"Central Statistical Agency (CSA)","year":"2016"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"A Review to Improve Estimation of Livestock Contribution to the National GDP","author":"M. Fitaweke","year":"2011"},{"key":"3","first-page":"200","article-title":"Reproduction in rural bovines divisions of animal reproduction","volume":"8","author":"S. Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"IVRI, Izatnagar"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0093-691x(02)01241-4"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"GidayY. E.Assessment of Calf Crop Productivety and Total Herd Life of Fogera Cows at Andasa Ranch in North Western Ethiopia2001Dire Dawa, EthiopiaHaramaya UniversityMSc Thesis"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/animalsci2002.80e-suppl_21a"},{"key":"7","volume-title":"Artificial Insemination in Cattle","author":"D. W. Webb","year":"2003"},{"key":"8","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Applied Animal Reproduction","author":"H. J. 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Hamid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Degree of master of science in veterinary obstetrics and gynaecology"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2019.13.002386"},{"key":"25","volume-title":"Effects of Nutrition on Production and Reproduction of Dairy Cows in Bangladesh Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science","author":"M. Alem","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"26","first-page":"59","article-title":"Assessment on problems associated with artificial insemination services in west gojjam zone, Ethiopia faculty of veterinary medicine, university of gondar, Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"B. Zerihun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Biological Research"},{"key":"27","article-title":"Artificial insemination of cattle in Sri Lanka: status, performance and problems","author":"P. A. 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