{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:15:30Z","timestamp":1787908530958,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":101,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Inappropriate and unnecessary use of antibiotics can increase morbidity, mortality, medical expenses or patient cost, and microbial antibiotic resistance. However, in developing countries like Ethiopia, information regarding appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing pattern to guide improvement strategies is scant.\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The aim of this study was to assess appropriateness and pattern of antibiotic prescription in pediatric patients at pediatric ward of Adigrat General Hospital.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Hospital\u2010based retrospective cross\u2010sectional study was conducted to assess the antibiotic prescribing pattern in pediatric inpatient and outpatient ward of Adigrat General Hospital from December 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019. Data was collected by using structured data collection checklist, and the systematic random sampling technique was employed to enroll the required sample size during the study period. Appropriateness of drug use in pediatrics was evaluated using Ethiopian Standard Treatment guideline and WHO pediatric guideline.\n                    <jats:italic>Result<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A total of 692 pediatric patients\u2019 medical charts were reviewed. The median age of patients on antibiotics was 3.26 years (IQR: 2\u20104). Majority (49.13%) of the patients were hospitalized for 5\u20109 days. SCAP (195), tonsillitis (114), and cellulitis (99) were most frequently encountered pediatric diseases. Penicillins (37.86%) followed by cephalosporins (31.79%) antibiotics were the most prescribed antibiotics in pediatric wards. This study also showed that ceftriaxone and ceftriaxone+amoxicillin were the most frequently used single and combination antibiotics, respectively. The prescribing practices were not stick to WHO core indicators and standards. Inappropriate prescription of antibiotics was observed in 28.3% of patients. Advanced age of children, children aged between 6 to 10 years (AOR = 3.225; CI = 1.080 \u2212 9.630;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .036) and 11\u201018 years (AOR = 18.691; CI = 5.156 \u2212 67.756;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .000), was the independent determinant of inappropriate drug use.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing was encountered in 28.3% of children. The rate of generic prescription was not in line with WHO recommendation. Advanced age of children was the independent factor for inappropriate use of antibiotics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6640892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T12:35:53Z","timestamp":1618230953000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Appropriateness and Pattern of Antibiotic Prescription in Pediatric Patients at Adigart General Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3207-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adane","family":"Yehualaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chernet","family":"Taferre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4977-5627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abere Tilahun","family":"Bantie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9384-7398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desalegn Getnet","family":"Demsie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-131246771"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003427.pub4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Prevalence of parasitosis in children aged 1 to 7 years in vulnerable condition in the south central region of Costa Rica","volume":"60","author":"Solano-Barquero M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta M\u00e9dica Costarricense"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","article-title":"Retrospective study of the pattern of antibiotic use in Hawassa University referral hospital pediatric ward, southern Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Woldu M. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/rjps.2014.3.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","first-page":"259","article-title":"Prescribing patterns of antibiotics in paediatrics for respiratory tract infections\/disorders in tertiary care hospital","volume":"8","author":"Maheshwari P.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1534957"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Prescribing pattern of antibiotics in pediatric hospital in Chitwan district in Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Thapaliya K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2007.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","first-page":"647","article-title":"Pattern of drug use in neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"35","author":"Uppal R.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","article-title":"A comparative study of prescribing patterns in two tertiary care teaching hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Joda A. E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJPP"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.25110\/arqsaude.v21i3.2017.6130","article-title":"Irrational use of antimicrobials and resistance in hospitals","volume":"21","author":"Vieira P. N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arquivos de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade da UNIPAR"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2018.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","volume-title":"Prediction of Antimicrobial Resistance Based on Random Forest Algorithms","author":"Xie X.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Antibiotics use evaluation for pediatrics at Nekemte Referral Hospital, East Wollega Zone, Oromia region, West Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Asefa L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP12.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-7-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","article-title":"Retrospective drug use pattern of antibiotics in pediatric ward of Shenan Gibe hospital, Oromia Region, Ethiopia","volume":"1","author":"Barghouthi Achalu T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal Antibiotic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/maternal_child_adolescent\/documents\/child_hospital_care\/en\/. Accessed: November 25 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.fmhaca.gov.et\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/STG-General-Hospital.pdf. Accessed November 26 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","volume-title":"How to investigate drug use in health facilities: selected drug use indicators","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","unstructured":"Food medicine and healthcare administration and control authority of Ethiopia National Essential Medicine List Fifth Edition https:\/\/www.who.int\/selection_medicines\/country_lists\/EML_5th_edition_2015.pdf?ua. Accessed November 13 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132719886942"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9792363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Antibiotics prescribing pattern in pediatric unit of Ayder referral hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Mezgebe H. B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"JSIR"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/IJMMS2014.1101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","first-page":"1411","article-title":"Antibiotic prescription pattern in the paeditric ward of a tertiary health-care facility in southern Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Arute J. E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and allied sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","first-page":"1530","article-title":"Drug utilization of antimicrobial drug in pediatrics population in a tertiary care hospital in Erode, Tamilnadu, India","volume":"3","author":"Shamshy K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of PharmTech Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Netsanet Workneh and Hafty barhane. Retrospective study of the pattern of antibiotic use in hawassa University Referral Hospital Pediartric ward, southern Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Minyahil A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","first-page":"279","article-title":"The Assessment of drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators","volume":"16","author":"Shrestha B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","volume-title":"Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology E-Book","author":"Floege J.","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2021\/6640892.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2021\/6640892.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2021\/6640892","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T02:30:35Z","timestamp":1735612235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2021\/6640892"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kazim","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2021\/6640892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6640892","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6640892"}}